Evaluation of funnel traps for estimating tree mortality and associated population phase of spruce beetle in Utah

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 2574-2584 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Matthew Hansen ◽  
Barbara J Bentz ◽  
A Steven Munson ◽  
James C Vandygriff ◽  
David L Turner
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Classification Tree ◽  
Recursive Partitioning ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Beetle Population ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Spruce Beetle ◽  
Funnel Trap ◽  
Spruce Mortality

Although funnel traps are routinely used to manage bark beetles, little is known regarding the relationship between trap captures and tree mortality near the trap. We conducted a 4 year study in Utah to examine the correlation between funnel-trap captures of spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) and mortality of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) within a 10 ha block of the trap. Using recursive partitioning tree analyses, rules were developed for predicting spruce mortality and associated levels of beetle population phase (endemic or epidemic), in the current year and subsequent year, for a given level of trap captures. Although model predictions of infested-stem counts had large variances, our results suggest that funnel-trap captures can be reliably used to estimate relative levels of tree mortality, expressed as spruce beetle population phase. Classification-tree analyses indicate that captures of ~842 spruce beetles during a season (late May to mid-August) from a single funnel trap represent a threshold between endemic (<2 mass-attacked stems/ha) and epidemic conditions (≥2 mass-attacked stems/ha) for either the current or the subsequent year relative to deployment of the funnel trap. Likewise, a lack of infested hosts within 10 m of a funnel trap, also known as spillover, was associated with endemic conditions, whereas trees attacked near the trap correlated with epidemic conditions.

Evaluations of Bole Injections for Protecting Engelmann Spruce from Mortality Attributed to Spruce Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Intermountain West

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-309
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Fettig ◽  
A. Steven Munson ◽  
Donald M. Grosman ◽  
Darren C. Blackford
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emamectin Benzoate ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Spruce Beetle

Abstract Bark beetles are important disturbance agents in coniferous forests, and spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the more notable species causing landscape-level tree mortality in western North America. We evaluated the efficacy of bole injections of emamectin benzoate (TREE-äge®; Arborjet Inc., Woburn, MA) alone and combined with propiconazole (Alamo®; Syngenta Crop Protection Inc., Wilmington, DE) for protecting Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelmann (Pinales: Pinaceae), from mortality attributed to colonization by D. rufipennis. Two injection periods in 2013 (the spring and fall of the year prior to trees first being challenged by D. rufipennis in 2014) and distributions of injection points (7.6- and 15.2-cm spacings) were evaluated. Tree mortality was monitored over a 3-yr period (2014–2017). Emamectin benzoate injected in spring at a narrow spacing (7.6 cm) was the only effective treatment. Two (but not three) field seasons of protection can be expected with a single injection of this treatment. We discuss the implications of these and other results regarding the use of emamectin benzoate and propiconazole for protecting western conifers from mortality attributed to bark beetles, and provide suggestions for future research. A table summarizing the appropriate timing of treatments in different bark beetle/host systems is provided.

Temperature-based model for predicting univoltine brood proportions in spruce beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (6) ◽  
pp. 827-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Matthew Hansen ◽  
Barbara J. Bentz ◽  
David L. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Forest Planning ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Spruce Beetle ◽  
Funnel Trap ◽  
Spruce Mortality ◽  
Cumulative Time

AbstractThe spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), has possible life cycles of 1 or 2 years. Empirical and experimental evidence suggest that temperature is the primary regulator of these life-history pathways. These different life cycles potentially result in substantial differences in population dynamics and subsequent spruce mortality. A multiyear field study was conducted in Utah, Colorado, and Alaska, to monitor spruce beetle development under a variety of field conditions with concurrent air temperature measurements. This information was used to model the tree- or stand-level proportion of univoltine beetles as a function of air temperature. Temperatures were summarized as averages, cumulative time, and accumulated heat units above specified thresholds over various seasonal intervals. Sampled proportions of univoltine insects were regressed against the summarized temperature values in logistic models. The best predictive variable, as evaluated by Akaike’s Information Criterion, was found to be cumulative hours above a threshold of 17 °C elapsed from 40 to 90 days following peak adult funnel-trap captures. Because the model can be used to forecast trends in spruce beetle populations and associated spruce mortality, it is a tool for forest planning.

DIFFERENTIAL BIOACTIVITY OF CONOPHTHORIN ON FOUR SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 649-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dezene P.W. Huber ◽  
John H. Borden ◽  
Nicole L. Jeans-Williams ◽  
Regine Gries
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Pine Engraver ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Spruce Beetle ◽  
Dose Dependent

AbstractThe angiosperm bark volatile, conophthorin, was tested at release rates of 3.0 and 0.3 mg/24 h against the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), the pine engraver, Ips pint (Say), and the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine (all Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The responses of D. pseudotsugae, I. pini, and (in one of two experiments) female D. confusus to attractant-baited traps were disrupted by conophthorin in a dose-dependent manner. Dendroctonus rufipennis was not disrupted by conophthorin. Our results extend the repellent bioactivity of conophthorin to Ips DeGeer spp. and confirm earlier experiments with D. pseudotsugae. Conophthorin may have some utility in protecting susceptible timber from bark beetle attack.

The effect of fires on susceptibility of subalpine forests to a 19th century spruce beetle outbreak in western Colorado

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 2974-2982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Kulakowski ◽  
Thomas T Veblen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Subalpine Forests ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Spruce Beetle ◽  
History Of ◽  
Colorado Rocky Mountains

In the subalpine forests of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, research on disturbances that have occurred over the past several decades has shown that prior occurrence of disturbances can alter the extent and severity of subsequent disturbances. In the current study, we consider how fire history affected stand susceptibility to a mid-19th century spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby 1837) outbreak. Twenty-one sites were randomly located in an Engelmann spruce – subalpine fir (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. – Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) forest across ~2000 km2 of the Grand Mesa area, Colorado. At each site, dendrochronological methods were used to reconstruct the history of severe fires and beetle outbreak. Stand-origin dates were estimated by collecting increment cores from 20–27 of the largest trees at each sample site. The beetle outbreak was reconstructed based on coincident releases among nonhost trees that survived the outbreak. Forest stands originated following severe fires in ca. 1790, ca. 1740, and ca. 1700. The 1840's outbreak affected 67% of these stands. Stands that initiated following the ca. 1790 fire were less susceptible to the outbreak than older stands. These findings indicate that stand-replacing fires have mitigated susceptibility to outbreaks of spruce beetles not only during recent outbreaks, but also over the past centuries.

Comparison of reproductive capacity among univoltine, semivoltine, and re-emerged parent spruce beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 697-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Matthew Hansen ◽  
Barbara J. Bentz
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Brood Production ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Spruce Beetle ◽  
Parent Groups ◽  
Spruce Mortality

AbstractNew spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), adults of univoltine and semivoltine life cycles, as well as re-emerged parent beetles, were laboratory-tested for differences in reproductive capacity and brood characteristics. Parameters measured from the three groups include dry weight, lipid content, and egg production. Brood characteristics measured include egg length, development rates, and survival densities. Although there were some differences in dry weight and lipid content, females from the univoltine, semivoltine, and re-emerged parent groups did not greatly differ in egg production. Egg length was slightly smaller for eggs from univoltine parents, but other measured brood characteristics did not differ among the three parent groups, including the density of the surviving brood. In a field study, re-emerged parent beetles were determined to be flight capable. These findings imply that populations with univoltine broods will have higher growth rates than semivoltine populations. Consequently, the presence of univoltine broods, which is weather dependent, increases the risk of a beetle outbreak or can accelerate the rate of spruce mortality in an established outbreak. These results also indicate that re-emerged parent beetles can contribute substantially to brood production. Suppression strategies can be more effective if managers consider the ecological consequences of brood production from the three parent groups.

Bole Implantation of Systemic Insecticides Does Not Protect Trees From Spruce Beetle Attack

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Shea ◽  
Edward H. Holsten ◽  
John Hard
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Adult Beetle ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Kenai Peninsula ◽  
Systemic Insecticides ◽  
Spruce Beetle

Abstract Two experiments were conducted on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, to evaluate the effectiveness of acephate, dimethoate, and carbofuran delivered by Medicap implants in previously unattacked spruce trees [natural hybrids of Sitka (Picea sitchensis) and white spruce (P. glauca)] to prevent tree mortality (preventive treatment); and in successfully attacked spruce trees to kill brood of spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis, and thereby prevent tree mortality (remedial treatment). Tree mortality ranged from 60% to 93% in the treated trees and were judged as inadequate in preventing tree mortality. There was no evidence of egg, larval, pupae, or adult beetle mortality. Residue analysis of foliages removed from the crown of sample trees ranged from ca. 5 ppm 28-days postspray to ca 23 ppm 128 days postspray showing that acephate moved vertically into the tree crown. Neither carbofuran nor dimethoate were recovered from foliage samples. West. J. Appl. For. 6(1):4-7.

scholarly journals Advances in Semiochemical Repellents to Mitigate Host Mortality From the Spruce Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2253-2261 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Matthew Hansen ◽  
A Steven Munson ◽  
David Wakarchuk ◽  
Darren C Blackford ◽  
Andrew D Graves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Southern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Tree Protection ◽  
Spruce Beetle

AbstractWe tested 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (MCH) and novel semiochemicals as potential spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) repellents over multiple years in Utah and Colorado trapping bioassays. MCH is a known spruce beetle repellent and our testing revealed Acer kairomone blend (AKB) and isophorone plus sulcatone as repellents. We subsequently tested these semiochemicals for area and single tree protection to prevent spruce beetle attacks at locations in Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Alaska. Individual tree protection trials found MCH–AKB provided significant protection against spruce beetle attacks in the southern Rocky Mountains but not in Alaska. Adding sulcatone or doubling MCH–AKB pouches did not further enhance protection. A degree of protection was extended to spruce at least 10 m distant from the repellents, including in Alaska. Tree diameter was not a significant covariate among treated trees but was positively correlated with the probability of infestation for surrounding spruce. In area protection trials, spruce in control plots were 2.4 times more likely to be in a higher severity attack class compared with spruce in plots treated with MCH–AKB pouches deployed at 30 sets per hectare. Tree diameter had a significant, positive relationship to the probability of infestation. We found MCH–AKB to offer a high degree of protection against beetle attack in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) (Pinales: Pinaceae) (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) (Pinales: Pinaceae), especially for single tree protection (66% of control trees were strip- or mass-attacked compared with 6% of repellent-treated trees). AKB requires registration and labeling, however, before this economical and environmentally benign semiochemical can be used operationally.

Suppression of Spruce Beetle Attacks by MCH Released from Bubble Caps

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Staffan Lindgren ◽  
Mark D. McGregor ◽  
Robert D. Oakes ◽  
Hubert E. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Brood Production ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Suppression Effect ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Spruce Beetle ◽  
Release Devices

Abstract The attack density of the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), was reduced to 10-25% of that on untreated felled Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) trees, when the trees were treated with 9-15 bubble cap release devices, each releasing the aggregation inhibitor MCH at 1-3 mg/24 h at 20°C. In the first experiment, deterioration of many release devices reduced the suppression effect. In the second experiment, MCH reduced attacks by 85%, and total brood production by 79-88%. The attacks on the MCH treated trees occurred late, as evidenced by the early stage of development of galleries and brood on these trees. Semiochemical-baited traps at untreated, or MCH-treated, felled trees caught few beetles, and had no effect on the attack density. The results show that manually applied MCH can be used operationally to reduce attacks by the spruce beetle on small groups of wind thrown trees. Mass trapping of spruce beetles is not feasible with currently known semiochemicals. West. J. Appl. For. 4(2):49-52, April 1989.

Toxicity of two Engelmann spruce (Pinaceae) monoterpene chemotypes from the southern Rocky Mountains to North American spruce beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 152 (6) ◽  
pp. 790-796
Author(s):  
Thomas Seth Davis
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Probability Of Survival ◽  
Southern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Spruce Beetle ◽  
Average Probability ◽  
Logit Function

AbstractEngelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. (Pinaceae), in the southern Rocky Mountains is composed of two distinct phloem monoterpene chemotypes that differ in relative abundances of multiple monoterpenes, particularly α-pinene and Δ3-carene (hereafter, the “α-pinene chemotype” and the “Δ3-carene chemotype”). Here, relative toxicity of these chemotypes is tested on spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), a phloeophagous herbivore that colonises trees of both types. Synthetic monoterpene blends representing each chemotype were tested across a range of concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100, 200, and 500 µg/L) in the lab, and probability of survival of adult beetles exposed to each blend was modelled using a logit function. Logit curves were solved to determine LC25, LC50, and LC75 of each monoterpene blend. On average, probability of beetle survival was lower when exposed to the Δ3-carene chemotype than when exposed to the α-pinene chemotype. However, both chemotypes were completely lethal to beetles at concentrations exceeding 100 µg/L. Adult body mass did not affect survival probability. It is concluded that spruce phloem chemotypes may differ in their toxicity to spruce beetles, with potential consequences for patterns of host-tree colonisation by spruce beetle.

Dendroecological detection of spruce bark beetle outbreaks in northwestern Colorado

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1788-1798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen S Eisenhart ◽  
Thomas T Veblen
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Subalpine Forests ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Photographic Evidence ◽  
Spruce Beetle

Episodic outbreaks of Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), the spruce bark beetle, have greatly influenced the structure of subalpine forests in northern Colorado. During the 1940s, much of the subalpine zone of northwestern Colorado was severely affected by beetle outbreak; also, tree-ring and photographic evidence suggest that large-scale outbreaks occurred in the 19th century. The present study focused on tree-ring methods to examine the regional extent and synchrony of pre-20th-century beetle outbreaks in northwestern Colorado. Results from examination of both live and dead Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) tree rings in nine stands were compared with results of previous tree-ring studies in the same region. Evidence of past canopy disturbance included episodes of tree mortality in conjunction with sustained increases in radial growth rates. We identified regional outbreaks of spruce beetle by synchronous and sustained growth release in trees from disjunct stands. These new tree-ring records, along with previously published records, indicate that severe and widespread canopy disturbances, probably spruce beetle outbreaks, affected northwestern Colorado in 1716-1750, 1827-1845, 1860-1870, and 1940-1960. These results support earlier findings that large-scale outbreaks of spruce beetle have long been an important component of the dynamics of subalpine forests in Colorado.

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