Succession des micro-organismes à la suite de blessures artificielles au tronc chez le bouleau jaune (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.) et l'érable à sucre (Acersaccharum Marsh.)

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Lavallée ◽  
Alain Bard
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
General Decay ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Linear Extent ◽  
Birch Trees

Xylem of sugar maple and yellow birch trees were exposed to natural infection by making axe blazes to simulate mechanical injuries. After 8, 21, and 34 months, dissection and isolations made from the discolored wood permitted the localization of certain microorganisms in three arbitrarily determined zones. Longitudinal and radial development of discoloration associated with wounds was more rapid in yellow birch than in sugar maple. There was evidence of a succession of organisms in the colonization of the wounds which was subsequent to the first discoloration process and involved different organisms in the two hosts. In general, decay fungi did not appear until after 21 months. Cytosporadecipiens occurred exclusively in discolored wood of sugar maple while Phialophora spp. and Cephalosporium sp. dominated the discolored wood of yellow birch. Bacteria were more frequent in yellow birch than in sugar maple. Relationships between size of injuries, linear extent of the discoloration produced, and identity of the various organisms involved are also presented.

SUGAR PRODUCTION BY WHITE AND YELLOW BIRCHES

1944 ◽  
Vol 22c (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. V. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Invert Sugar ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Corn Syrup ◽  
Birch Trees

White and yellow birch trees produced an abundance of sap, but the yield of sugar was on the average only about one-third that of the sugar maple. Results indicate that yellow birch sap contains invert sugar with small amounts of sucrose, and that white birch sap contains a mixture of fructose and invert sugar. Syrups prepared from white and yellow birch saps by concentrating 100 times were similar in taste and appearance to commercial corn syrup.

The diffusion and toxicity of the fumigant chloropicrin injected in sugar maple and white birch tree

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1552-1556
Author(s):  
Barry Goodell ◽  
Johannes P. Hosli ◽  
Bradley Kropp
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Treatment Site ◽  
Birch Tree ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
One Year

Twenty sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) and 20 white birch trees (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.), all containing columns of decayed or discolored wood, were bored and injected with one of three dosages of chloropicrin or were left untreated. One year after treatment, four trees of each species were felled and dissected. The wood was then analyzed for fumigant concentration and assayed for the presence of fungi. All remaining trees were inspected yearly for adverse response to treatment. Three years after treatment, dieback and leaf discoloration were apparent in birch trees treated with moderate to high dosages of chloropicrin. No adverse response to treatment was apparent in any maple tree or in birch trees treated with low dosages of chloropicrin. In the dissected trees, chloropicrin vapors were generally detected in the interior of the trees at sites 0.5 m above and 0.5 m below the treatment site. In the higher dosage birch trees, chloropicrin was detected more frequently and in higher concentrations from outer sapwood. Control of the causal decay fungi in the trees was not ascertained in this study; however, in the birch trees, growth of opportunistic decay fungi was inhibited in sections from treated but not untreated trees.

Predicting volumes by log grades in standing sugar maple and yellow birch trees in southern Quebec, Canada

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1928-1938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Fortin ◽  
François Guillemette ◽  
Steve Bédard
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Information Criteria ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Grade Classification ◽  
Hardwood Trees ◽  
Birch Trees

Modelling volumes by log grades in standing hardwood trees is often hindered by the nature of the response variable. In this paper, we used a two-part conditional model to account for the excess of zero responses for some log grades. Moreover, this approach was used as a framework to compare three different tree classifications in their ability to predict volumes by log grades in standing yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britton) and sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.) trees. A tree grade classification was compared with two preharvest tree classifications based on mortality risk assessment. A cross-validation was also carried out to evaluate the two parts of the model. The results showed that the two-part conditional approach was efficient in this case study. Compared with a general model, the three classifications improved the maximum likelihood. According to the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria, the tree grade classification was the “best” one. All three classifications proved to be better able to distinguish log grade occurrence than log grade volume. Although it implies additional cost, the implementation of the tree grade classification into the preharvest inventories would improve the prediction of volumes by log grades for yellow birch and sugar maple trees.

Effect of Thinning on the Production of High-quality Wood in a Quebec Northern Hardwood Stand

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Roberge
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Stem Quality ◽  
Fire Origin

In 1963, two intensities of thinning were carried out in a 60-year-old northern hardwood stand of fire origin. Yellow birch (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.) made up as much as 40% of the total number of trees 9 cm d.b.h. and up. By 1973, both sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) and yellow birch had responded to thinning, the former more than the latter. The percentages of yellow birch trees had not changed regardless of treatment. There were between 120 and 129 trees/ha of the 25–39 cm diameter class in the unthinned as well as in the thinned areas. Basal area of the trees 9 cm d.b.h. and up had increased by 5.4, 7.6, and 8.1 m2/ha in the unthinned, 20% thinned, and 40% thinned area, respectively. A decrease in stem quality was not observed, even at the 40% thinning intensity. Both thinning intensities were thus successful except that they somewhat favored sugar maple at the expense of yellow birch.

Coupes par bandes dans des peuplements de feuillus—Résultats après 14 ans

1985 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Louis Boivin
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
River Watershed ◽  
The Future ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Mature Stands ◽  
Regeneration Study

Clearcutting of 20, 40 and 60 m wide strips was done in 1970 in Malakoff township, in the lower part of the Dumoine river watershed. A regeneration study took place in 1984.Analysis of results shows that the strips are well regenerated. The proportion of yellow birch grows with the width of the strips, that is, from 20 to60 m. To this effect strips of 60 m seem to be better for regenerating yellow birch but the future of this species seems to be better ensured in 40-m-wide strips.Yellow birch and sugar maple constitute the main part of the actual stands. If treatment is done and if observed trends persist, yellow birch should account for 21, 26 and 44% of the stems in mature stands of the 20-, 40- and 60-m strips respectively. With treatment, the presence of yellow birch could be increased to nearly 48%.

Exploring the Recruitment Dynamics of Sugar Maple and Yellow Birch Saplings into Merchantable Stems Following Harvesting in the Acadian Forest Region of New Brunswick, Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Noel ◽  
Jules Comeau ◽  
Salah-Eddine El Adlouni ◽  
Gaetan Pelletier ◽  
Marie-Andrée Giroux
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Probability Of Occurrence ◽  
Silvicultural Treatment ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acadian Forest

The recruitment of saplings in forest stands into merchantable stems is a very complex process, thus making it challenging to understand and predict. The recruitment dynamics in the Acadian Forest Region of New Brunswick are not well known or documented. Our objective was to draw an inference from existing large scale routine forest inventories as to the different dynamics behind the recruitment from the sapling layer into the commercial tree size layer in terms of density and occurrence of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) following harvesting, by looking at many factors on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales using models. Results suggest that the variation in density and probability of occurrence is best explained by the intensity of silvicultural treatment, by the merchantable stem density in each plot, and by the proportion of merchantable basal area of each group of species. The number of recruits of sugar maple and yellow birch stems tend be higher when time since last treatment increases, when mid to low levels of silvicultural treatment intensity were implemented, and within plots having intermediate levels of merchantable stem density. Lastly, our modeling efforts suggest that the probability of occurrence and density of recruitment of both species tend to increase while its share of merchantable basal area increases.

Sap yields, sugar content, and soluble carbohydrates of saps and syrups of some Canadian birch and maple species

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. C. Jones ◽  
I. Alli
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Total Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Maple Sap

During the spring of 1984 and 1985, white birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh), sweet birch (B. lenta L), and yellow birch (B. alleghaniensis Britt.) were tapped to determine sap yields and syrup characteristics. These properties were compared with sap yields and syrup produced from sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh) and red maple (A. rubrum L). The sap flow seasons were as follows: white birch, 23 days (April 7–29, 1984) and 29 days (April 5 – May 3, 1985); sweet birch, 26 days (1984); yellow birch, 25 days (1985). The sap flow season for the maple species was much earlier than the birch species. Maple sap flow seasons were as follows: sugar maple, 16 days (March 28 – April 12, 1984) and 45 days (March 10 – April 23, 1985); red maple, 44 days (March 11 – April 23, 1985). Sap yields were as follows: white birch, 80.5 L in 1984 (1.0% sap) 51.0 L in 1985 (1.0% sap); sweet birch, 48.0 L in 1984 (0.5% sap); yellow birch, 28.4 L in 1985 (0.5% sap); red maple, 30.6 L in 1985 (2.3% sap); sugar maple, 53.5 L in 1985 (4.5% sap). Sap analyses showed the average total carbohydrate content of all birch saps and all maple saps was 9.2 and 24.5 g/L, respectively. The average sugar contents of the syrups from the birch saps and the maple saps were 302 and 711 g/L, respectively. The average pH of birch and maple saps were similar but the average pH of the syrups obtained from the birch saps was substantially lower than that of the syrups obtained from the maple saps.

scholarly journals Tolerant hardwood natural regeneration 15 years after various silvicultural treatments on an industrial freehold of northwestern New Brunswick

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (04) ◽  
pp. 512-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Béland ◽  
Bruno Chicoine
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Selection Cutting

We examined applicability of various partial cutting systems in order to regenerate tolerant hardwood stands dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccarhum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) on northern New Brunswick J.D. Irving Ltd. freehold land. Sampling of 1065 one-m2 plots in 31 stands managed by selection cutting, shelterwood method and strip or patch cutting and in six control stands allowed a 15-year retrospective study of natural regeneration in stands of low residual densities and with minimal soil disturbance and no control of competing vegetation. Beech regeneration was most abundant in the patch cuts, yellow birch in shelterwood stands and sugar maple in the selection system areas. Results suggest that initial stand conditions influence the composition of the regeneration more than the prescribed treatment. At the stand scale (a few hectares), sugar maple recruitment was positively influenced by its proportion in the initial stand, and negatively by the cover of herbs and shrubs. Yellow birch regeneration was mainly affected by shrub competition. At the plot (1 m2) scale, mineral soil and decayed wood substrates and ground-level transmitted light were determinant factors for yellow birch regeneration. Beech-dominated stands were likely to regenerate to beech. A dense beech sucker understory was promoted in harvested patches. Areas with dense understory of American beech, shrubs, or herbs require site preparation to reduce interference either before or at the time of partial cutting. Shelterwood seed cutting and selection cutting should leave a residual of 12 m2/ha and 17 m2/ha respectively in seed trees uniformly distributed.

scholarly journals Effects of Non-Industrial Wood Ash (NIWA) Applications on Soil Chemistry and Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum, Marsh.) Seedling Growth in an Acidic Sugar Bush in Central Ontario

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 693
Author(s):  
Holly D. Deighton ◽  
Shaun A. Watmough
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Metal Concentrations

Research Highlights: In central Ontario, large quantities of non-industrial wood ash (NIWA) are generated and could be used as a forest soil amendment to counteract soil acidification and base cation depletion caused by decades of acid deposition. Background and Objectives: The properties and biogeochemical responses of NIWA have not been thoroughly explored, and field experiments must be conducted before NIWA can be regulated as a forest soil amendment in Ontario. Materials and Methods: In this study, soil chemistry and sugar maple (Acer saccharum, Marsh.) seedling growth and chemistry were measured in an acidic sugar bush over twelve months following a NIWA field experiment. Plots (2 m by 2 m) were established with sugar maple, white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) NIWA treatments applied at rates of 6 Mg ha−1 along with untreated control plots. Results: Ash chemistry varied significantly among species and yellow birch ash generally had much higher metal concentrations compared with other species. Following ash application, significant increases in soil pH and calcium and magnesium concentrations were observed, however the level of response varied by treatment. Foliar concentrations of base cations in sugar maple seedlings significantly increased in ash treatments and there was no significant treatment effect on foliar metal concentrations or seedling growth. In roots and shoots, concentrations of several metals (manganese, aluminum, iron, boron, arsenic, cadmium, zinc, copper, lead, chromium, and nickel) increased after ash application, however response was most pronounced in yellow birch ash. Conclusions: These results suggest that application of NIWA can counteract the lasting effects of acid rain by increasing soil pH and base cation concentrations, as well as increasing sugar maple seedling foliar nutrient concentrations, but ashes from species with high metal contents may also increase metal availability to vegetation, at least in the short-term.

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