Microrelief, Water Level Fluctuations, and Diameter Growth in Wet-site Stands of Red and Black Spruce in New Brunswick

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. van Groenewoud
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Average Water ◽  
The Mean

Soil water levels, rainfall, and tree diameter increments were measured during four successive growing seasons. Microrelief data and depth of the fluctuating water tables were incorporated into a measure of mean soil depth.Water table fluctuations were closely linked to rainfall. Deviations from the mean tree diameter growth were related to deviations from the mean depth of the water table. Maximum growth took place at the mean depth of the water table, with decreases in growth at higher or lower than average water levels.

Shift in wetland plant composition and biomass following low-level episodes in the St. Lawrence River: looking into the future

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Hudon
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Lythrum Salicaria ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Hydrologic Variability ◽  
Najas Flexilis ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Similar Episode ◽  
St Lawrence River

The effects of a 1-m drop in average water levels in 1999 on species composition and biomass were documented for a St. Lawrence River wetland and compared with a similar episode in 1931. These observations highlight the manifold effects of past and future water level fluctuations on St. Lawrence River wetlands and faunal habitats, resulting from natural hydrologic variability, climate change, and (or) human intervention. In 1931 and 1999, waters were 2–3 °C warmer than the previous 10-year average. Low water levels markedly altered wetland vegetation: various Graminea (including Phalaris arundinacea and Phragmites australis) and facultative annual species invaded previously marshy areas. Submerged species previously found in shallow waters were replaced on dry ground by annual terrestrial plants; Alisma gramineum colonized emergent waterlogged mudflats. The low water levels of 1999 induced a spatially discontinuous plant biomass that was richer in terrestrial material than in previous years (1993–1994). In comparison with the 1930s, recent surveys indicate a decline of assemblages dominated by Equisetum spp. and Najas flexilis and a rise of those dominated by Lythrum salicaria, Potamogeton spp., and filamentous algae. These shifts reveal the additional effects of nutrient enrichment, alien species, and shoreline alteration accompanying a change from a mostly agricultural to a mostly urbanized and industrialized landscape.

Some hydrological effects of peatland drainage in Alberta's boreal forest

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1588-1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.R. Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
North Central ◽  
Source Areas ◽  
Flood Duration ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Hydrological Effects ◽  
Hydrologic Conditions ◽  
Average Drop

Ninety hectares in a treed fen in north central Alberta were drained to improve growth of stagnant black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and tamarack (Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) stands. Installation of 30-, 40-, 50-, and 60-m ditch spacings resulted in a lowering of the average water table by 79, 66, 56, and 73 cm, respectively. The results and the groundwater level criteria used (drainage norm, 40 cm; flood duration limit, 14 days) indicated that the 50-m ditch spacing was hydrologically the most appropriate one for this area. Given the relatively high hydraulic conductivity of the area, it is believed the 30-m spacing was too narrow and resulted in an excessively low average water table. The 60-m spacing was also overeffective, but in this case, overeffectiveness was attributed more to "edge effects" i.e., to site factors such as the proximity to uplands and the small size of upstream source areas, than to the distance between ditches. The results illustrate the importance, for ditch network design purposes, of taking into account hydrologic conditions both within and well beyond the boundaries of an area proposed to be drained. Peat subsidence after drainage appeared to be related to the average drop in water table level and amounted to about 5 cm•a−1.

Effects of depth of water table and substrate temperature on root and top growth of Picea mariana and Larix lancina seedlings

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1201-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. J. Lieffers ◽  
R. L. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Copper Tubing ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Diffusion Rates

Three thermally insulated tanks were divided in half and one side of each was cooled using a network of copper tubing, through which chilled ethylene glycol was pumped. Tanks were filled with peat and seedlings of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and tamarack (Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch.) were transplanted to both ambient and cooled sides. Water table levels of the tanks were maintained at either 4, 10, or 25 cm below the substrate surface. Root biomass, length, and maximum depth, and shoot height, biomass, and branching for both species were lowest in the tank with water table at 4 cm below the surface. Oxygen diffusion rates were lowest and lenticel intumescences of black spruce roots most abundant in this treatment. With water table depth at 25 cm, the cooling treatment (9 °C at the 10 cm level) had a negative effect on root growth compared with the ambient treatment (18 °C at the 10 cm level). The reverse was true for the tank with water levels at 4 cm; the cooled side had greater root growth than the ambient side.

Effects of drainage on substrate temperature and phenology of some trees and shrubs in an Alberta peatland

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. J. Lieffers ◽  
R. L. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
North Central ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Dwarf Birch ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

A 50-ha portion of an intermediate fen in north central Alberta was drained in 1984. Study sites were established in the drained area and in an adjacent undrained area. In each site, seasonal water table depth and substrate and air temperatures were monitored. The drainage lowered the water table from 20 to 50 cm compared with the adjacent undrained site. Substrate of the drained area warmed above 0 °C slightly later than the undrained area but maximum summer temperatures were higher in the drained site. Temperatures in 1985 at the 10-cm depth of the drained site peaked in early August at 15–16 °C, 3–4 °C higher than the undrained site. Forty-five black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), 45 tamarack (Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch), and 25 dwarf birch (Betulapumila L.) were tagged and examined twice weekly. For tamarack and dwarf birch, flowering and bud flush were significantly earlier by 2–6 days in the drained site. For black spruce, flowering was earlier in the drained site; bud flush, however, was earlier in the undrained site in 1985 but there were no differences between sites in 1986. For both black spruce and tamarack, the mean date at which individual trees reached 50% of total leader elongation was earlier in the drained site in both 1984 and 1985.

scholarly journals Growth of Coniferous Seedlings on a Drained and Mounded Peatland in Central Alberta

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam K. Takyi ◽  
Graham R. Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Survival And Growth

Abstract Artificial reforestation experiments compared survival and growth of five species of coniferous containerized seedlings, and seedling browsing by ungulates on a clearcut, drained, and mounded peatland in the boreal forest. Six to seven growing seasons after planting, 91% of all seedlings had survived. Height and diameter growth in five species were ranked as follows: Siberian latch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) > lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) > tamarack (Larix laricina [Du Roi] K. Koch) > black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) = white spruce(Picea glauca [Moench] Voss). Overall, tamarack height and diameter growth was twice that of either spruce species. Height and diameter growth of tamarack, black spruce, and white spruce planted in the spring was 65% to 97% greater than that of the more robust seedlings for the same species planted in the fall of the same year. Repeated winter browsing by ungulates did not affect survival and growth of the five species. In an experiment where survival and growth of tamarack and black spruce seedlings planted on the mounds were compared with that of seedlings planted on the flat areas between mounds, there were no differences in survival, height, or root collar diameter growth between the two planting sites. In the event that suitable peatlands are used to augment existing timber supplies, lowering the water table through ditching, combined with mound-planting, is a feasible method of reforesting timber-harvested, boreal wet sites with Siberian latch, lodgepole pine, and white spruce. Tamarack and black spruce, however, survive and grow well on drained peatlands without mound-planting. North. J. Appl. For. 17(2):71-79.

Hydrodynamique d'une pessière noire drainée

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1063-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Belleau ◽  
André P. Plamondon ◽  
Robert Lagacé ◽  
Steeve Pépin
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Drainage Ditches ◽  
Deep Root ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean

The depth of the water table was measured before and after the digging of drainage ditches with 20-, 40-, and 60-m spacings in a black spruce wild holly bog. The peat is mesic with the exception of the top 10 cm which is fibric. The hydraulic conductivity of the 20- to 40-cm layer is low in relation with other Quebec sites under study. The extremely low conductivity under the 40-cm depth and the impermeable mineral soil layer at the bottom of the ditches creates the horizontal profile between ditches. The mean water table depths during the 3 years of the study were 42, 29, and 22 cm, respectively, for the 20-, 40-, and 60-m spacings. The corresponding lowering of the water table was in the order of 25, 13, and 6 cm. The water table was maintained 100, 70, and 40% of the time below the 20 cm deep root zone for the 20-, 40-, and 60-m spacings respectively, compared with 23% for the undrained situation (by simulation). The water table is significantly lowered below the 40-cm threshold for the 20-m spacing only.

scholarly journals Dynamics and consequences of water level fluctuations of selected lakes in the catchment of the Ostrowo-Gopło Channel

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Piasecki ◽  
Włodzimierz Marszelewski
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Type Change ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Precipitation ◽  
Lake Type

Abstract The article discusses water level fluctuations in lakes and the associated changes in the lake surface and water resources in the years 1992-2011. On the basis of detailed field studies carried out in the hydrological year 2011, short-term and dynamic changes in the lakes’ hydrology were determined. Changes in hydrological lake types were evoked by unexpected hydro-meteorological situations, in particular high precipitation totals and sudden thaws in winter. The main symptom of the lake type change was the restoration, after nearly 10 years, of channels connecting the lakes. In addition, a strong interdependence was recorded in the difference between evaporation and precipitation, as well as the mean annual ranges of lake water levels in the years 1992-2010

scholarly journals Comparison of Various Growth Curve Models in Characterizing and Predicting Water Table Change after Intensive Mine Dewatering Is Discontinued in an East Central European Karstic Area

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1047
Author(s):  
Kamilla Modrovits ◽  
András Csepregi ◽  
Ilona Kovácsné Székely ◽  
István Gábor Hatvani ◽  
József Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Karst Water ◽  
East Central ◽  
Growth Curve Models ◽  
Deterministic Modelling

The modeling of karst water level fluctuations is a crucial task in the water resource management of vulnerable karstic areas. In the Transdanubian Range (East Central Europe, Hungary), from 1950 to 1990, coal and bauxite mining were carried out, with large amounts of karst water being extracted, thus lowering the water table by amounts ranging between 10 and 100 m. Since the cessation of mining activities in the early 1990s, the volume of natural recharge has exceeded the amount of dewatering, and the system has begun to return to its original undisturbed state. This apparently welcome development does, however, bring economic and technical engineering problems. The estimation and prediction of such water level changes is often tackled via the use of deterministic approaches, however, in the present case, it is also addressed with an alternative approach using trend estimation to monthly water level data from 107 karst water wells over the period 1990–2017. To approximate the change in karst water levels, (i) growth curve models were fitted to the monthly data, allowing the estimation of karst water levels, at least as far as 2030. Similarly, this was also done with (ii) deterministic modelling in order to describe the recovery process up to 2030. Specifically, measured and predicted values for karst water level were used to derive interpolated (kriged) maps to compare the forecasting power of the two approaches. Comparing the results of the trend analysis with those of the traditional deterministic modelling results, it is apparent that the two approaches predict similar spatial distribution of water levels, but slightly different future water level values.

AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL MONITORING WITH IOT AND LPWAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
Krum Videnov ◽  
Vanya Stoykova
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Level Monitoring ◽  
Water Level Monitoring

Monitoring water levels of lakes, streams, rivers and other water basins is of essential importance and is a popular measurement for a number of different industries and organisations. Remote water level monitoring helps to provide an early warning feature by sending advance alerts when the water level is increased (reaches a certain threshold). The purpose of this report is to present an affordable solution for measuring water levels in water sources using IoT and LPWAN. The assembled system enables recording of water level fluctuations in real time and storing the collected data on a remote database through LoRaWAN for further processing and analysis.

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