Effects of drainage on substrate temperature and phenology of some trees and shrubs in an Alberta peatland

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. J. Lieffers ◽  
R. L. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
North Central ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Dwarf Birch ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

A 50-ha portion of an intermediate fen in north central Alberta was drained in 1984. Study sites were established in the drained area and in an adjacent undrained area. In each site, seasonal water table depth and substrate and air temperatures were monitored. The drainage lowered the water table from 20 to 50 cm compared with the adjacent undrained site. Substrate of the drained area warmed above 0 °C slightly later than the undrained area but maximum summer temperatures were higher in the drained site. Temperatures in 1985 at the 10-cm depth of the drained site peaked in early August at 15–16 °C, 3–4 °C higher than the undrained site. Forty-five black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), 45 tamarack (Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch), and 25 dwarf birch (Betulapumila L.) were tagged and examined twice weekly. For tamarack and dwarf birch, flowering and bud flush were significantly earlier by 2–6 days in the drained site. For black spruce, flowering was earlier in the drained site; bud flush, however, was earlier in the undrained site in 1985 but there were no differences between sites in 1986. For both black spruce and tamarack, the mean date at which individual trees reached 50% of total leader elongation was earlier in the drained site in both 1984 and 1985.

Some hydrological effects of peatland drainage in Alberta's boreal forest

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1588-1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.R. Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
North Central ◽  
Source Areas ◽  
Flood Duration ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Hydrological Effects ◽  
Hydrologic Conditions ◽  
Average Drop

Ninety hectares in a treed fen in north central Alberta were drained to improve growth of stagnant black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and tamarack (Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) stands. Installation of 30-, 40-, 50-, and 60-m ditch spacings resulted in a lowering of the average water table by 79, 66, 56, and 73 cm, respectively. The results and the groundwater level criteria used (drainage norm, 40 cm; flood duration limit, 14 days) indicated that the 50-m ditch spacing was hydrologically the most appropriate one for this area. Given the relatively high hydraulic conductivity of the area, it is believed the 30-m spacing was too narrow and resulted in an excessively low average water table. The 60-m spacing was also overeffective, but in this case, overeffectiveness was attributed more to "edge effects" i.e., to site factors such as the proximity to uplands and the small size of upstream source areas, than to the distance between ditches. The results illustrate the importance, for ditch network design purposes, of taking into account hydrologic conditions both within and well beyond the boundaries of an area proposed to be drained. Peat subsidence after drainage appeared to be related to the average drop in water table level and amounted to about 5 cm•a−1.

SUMMER TEMPERATURES OF CRYOSOLIC SOILS IN THE NORTH-CENTRAL KEEWATIN, N.W.T.

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHARLES TARNOCAI
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
North Central ◽  
Soil Material ◽  
The North ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
The Mean

Soil temperatures were measured at six depths within 1 m of the surface on 10 Cryosolic soils in the north-central Keewatin area during the summer of 1976. The mean soil temperatures during the study period varied between 1.7 °C and 8.2 °C at a depth of 20 cm and −0.2 °C and 6.0 °C at a depth of 50 cm. The maximum and minimum soil temperatures at a depth of 20 cm ranged from 4.4 °C to 13.9 °C and from −0.6°C to 3.9 °C, respectively, while those at a depth of 50 cm ranged from −0.2 °C to 6.7 °C and from −1.1 °C to 2.2 °C, respectively. During the study period a freeze-back of 30 cm or more occurred from the permafrost on several sites. Soil temperatures were markedly higher where the soil material and vegetation were disturbed. The effects of drainage, soil materials, aspect, slope position, vegetation and peat cover on the soil temperature are discussed.

Leader size and number of leaf primordia as factors in timing of terminal bud flush in black spruce and tamarack

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1390-1393
Author(s):  
V. J. Lieffers
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
North Central ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Final Length ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Individual Trees

Black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and tamarack (Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) in a peatland in north central Alberta were examined twice weekly for terminal bud flush, length of leader, and cessation of leader elongation. Time of terminal bud flush of black spruce, which has determinate bud growth, was negatively correlated with the final length of leader. Differences in timing of flush of terminal buds of individual trees between 1984 and 1985 were negatively related to the ratio of leader length in 1984 to that in 1985. It is proposed that part of the variability in time of bud flush is related to the number of leaf primordia in the expanding bud. Buds with large numbers of leaf primordia flushed earlier than buds with few primordia. Time of terminal bud flush of tamarack, which has indeterminate bud growth, was poorly correlated with the final length of leader.

Temperature of upland and peatland soils in a north central Minnesota forest

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale S. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
North Central ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Aspen Forest

Soil temperature strongly influences physical, chemical, and biological activities in soil. However, soil temperature data for forest landscapes are scarce. For 6 yr, weekly soil temperatures were measured at two upland and four peatland sites in north central Minnesota. One upland site supported mature aspen forest, the other supported short grass. One peatland site was forested with black spruce, one supported tall willow and alder brush, and two had open vegetation — sedges and low shrubs. Mean annual air temperature averaged 3.6 °C. Mean annual soil temperatures at 10- to 200-cm depths ranged from 5.5 to 7.6 °C among the six sites. Soils with open vegetation, whether mineral or peat, averaged about 1 °C warmer annually and from 2 to 3 °C warmer during summer than the forested soils. The tall brush peatland was cooler than all other sites due to strong groundwater inputs. The mineral soils warmed more quickly in the spring, achieved higher temperatures in the summer, and cooled more quickly in the fall than the peat soils; however, the greatest temperature differences between mineral and peat soils occurred at or below 50 cm. In the upper 20 cm, vegetation and groundwater had greater effects on temperature than did soil type (mineral or peat). Summer soil temperatures were higher, relative to air temperature, during periods of greater precipitation. This effect was minimal at upland sites but substantial in the peatlands. In spite of the persistent sub-freezing air temperatures typical of Minnesota winters, significant frost developed in the soils only in those years when severe cold weather arrived before an insulating cover of snow had accumulated. Key words: Soil temperature, vegetation effects, forest soils, groundwater, peatlands

Recent woody invasion of wetlands on the Kenai Peninsula Lowlands, south-central Alaska: a major regime shift after 18 000 years of wet Sphagnum–sedge peat recruitment

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 2033-2046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward E. Berg ◽  
Kacy McDonnell Hillman ◽  
Roman Dial ◽  
Allana DeRuwe
Keyword(s):  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Regime Shift ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
Kenai Peninsula ◽  
South Central ◽  
Historical Aerial Photography ◽  
Dwarf Birch ◽  
Summer Temperatures

We document accelerating invasion of woody vegetation into wetlands on the western Kenai Peninsula lowlands. Historical aerial photography for 11 wetland sites showed that herbaceous area shrank 6.2%/decade from 1951 to 1968, and 11.1%/decade from 1968 to 1996. Corresponding rates for converting herbaceous area to shrubland were 11.5% and 13.7%/decade, respectively, and, for converting nonforest to forest, were 7.8% and 8.3%/decade, respectively. Black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) forests on three wetland perimeters established since the Little Ice Age concluded in the 1850s. Dwarf birch shrubs at three wetland sites showed median apparent tree-ring age of 13 years, indicating recent shrub colonization at these sites. Peat cores at 24 wetland sites (basal peat ages 1840 – 18 740 calibrated years before present) indicated that these peatlands originated as wet Sphagnum –sedge fens with very little woody vegetation. Local meteorological records show a 55% decline in available water since 1968, of which one-third is due to higher summer temperatures and increased evapotranspiration and two-thirds is due to lower annual precipitation. These results suggest that wet Sphagnum–sedge fens initiating since the end of the Wisconsin glaciation began to dry in the 1850s and that this drying has greatly accelerated since the 1970s.

Microrelief, Water Level Fluctuations, and Diameter Growth in Wet-site Stands of Red and Black Spruce in New Brunswick

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. van Groenewoud
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Average Water ◽  
The Mean

Soil water levels, rainfall, and tree diameter increments were measured during four successive growing seasons. Microrelief data and depth of the fluctuating water tables were incorporated into a measure of mean soil depth.Water table fluctuations were closely linked to rainfall. Deviations from the mean tree diameter growth were related to deviations from the mean depth of the water table. Maximum growth took place at the mean depth of the water table, with decreases in growth at higher or lower than average water levels.

Chromatographic Analysis of an Open-pollinated Rosendahl Spruce Progeny

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Riemenschneider ◽  
Carl A. Mohn
Keyword(s):  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Progeny Group

Chromatographic evaluation of foliage extracts from 25 white spruce, 25 black spruce, Rosendahl spruce, and 61 open-pollinated progeny of Rosendahl spruce provided additional evidence of the hybrid origin of Rosendahl spruce. Individual trees were scored on the basis of the presence or absence of spots indicating flavanoid compounds. The score for the Rosendahl spruce and the mean score of its 61 progeny were intermediate to the mean scores for white and black spruce. Chromatographic scores for the progeny group were more variable than those obtained from either the white or black spruce samples.

Hydrodynamique d'une pessière noire drainée

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1063-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Belleau ◽  
André P. Plamondon ◽  
Robert Lagacé ◽  
Steeve Pépin
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Drainage Ditches ◽  
Deep Root ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean

The depth of the water table was measured before and after the digging of drainage ditches with 20-, 40-, and 60-m spacings in a black spruce wild holly bog. The peat is mesic with the exception of the top 10 cm which is fibric. The hydraulic conductivity of the 20- to 40-cm layer is low in relation with other Quebec sites under study. The extremely low conductivity under the 40-cm depth and the impermeable mineral soil layer at the bottom of the ditches creates the horizontal profile between ditches. The mean water table depths during the 3 years of the study were 42, 29, and 22 cm, respectively, for the 20-, 40-, and 60-m spacings. The corresponding lowering of the water table was in the order of 25, 13, and 6 cm. The water table was maintained 100, 70, and 40% of the time below the 20 cm deep root zone for the 20-, 40-, and 60-m spacings respectively, compared with 23% for the undrained situation (by simulation). The water table is significantly lowered below the 40-cm threshold for the 20-m spacing only.

scholarly journals Cambial Activity and Phenology in Three Understory Species along an Altitude Gradient in Mexico

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 506
Author(s):  
Mayte S. Jiménez-Noriega ◽  
Lauro López-Mata ◽  
Teresa Terrazas
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Altitude Gradient ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

The aims of this study were to evaluate the cambial activity and phenology of three species with different life forms (Alchemilla procumbens, Acaena elongata and Ribes ciliatum) along an altitudinal gradient and to establish which environmental variables (light, soil humidity and temperature) had the greatest influence on cambial activity and phenological stages. Over two years, data on phenology, growth and cambium were gathered every four weeks in three to six sites per species in Sierra Nevada, Mexico. The results showed that Ribes is the only species that terminates cambial activity with leaves senescence and is influenced by the minimum soil temperature. The light environment influenced the vegetative stages in Alchemilla (cryptophyte), while in Acaena (hemicryptophyte), the mean soil temperature explained the findings related to leaf area during the dry season and growth along the gradient. In the three species, the reproductive phase dominated for a longer period at higher elevations, especially in Alchemilla. Only Ribes, the phanerophyte, showed a similar cambial activity to other trees and shrubs. Although cambium reactivates during the dry season, no xylogenesis occurs. The three species varied during the time in which vascular cambium was active, and this was dependent on the altitude. Specifically, the variation was more rhythmic in Ribes and switched on and off in Alchemilla. It is likely that, depending on the life form, vascular cambium may be more or less susceptible to one or more climate factors.

scholarly journals Potential Fertilization Capacity of Two Grapevine Varieties: Effects on Agricultural Production in Designation of Origin Areas in the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 961
Author(s):  
J. Antonio Cortiñas Rodríguez ◽  
María Fernández-González ◽  
Estefanía González-Fernández ◽  
Rosa A. Vázquez-Ruiz ◽  
F. Javier Rodríguez-Rajo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airborne Pollen ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Fertilization Capacity

In the present study, we analyzed the main parameters related with the potential fertilization ability of two grapevine varieties, Godello and Mencía, during the years 2017 and 2018. The research was carried out in two vineyards of the Galician winegrowing Designation of Origin areas of Ribeiro and Ribeira Sacra. Ten vines of each variety were selected for bunch and flower counting, pollen calculations, pollen viability studies by means of aceto-carmine (AC) stain and 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) methods, and the determination of their germination rate. In all vineyards the 50% fruitset was reached, except for Godello in Cenlle during 2017. The mean coulure value was higher for Godello (40.5%) than for Mencía (31%). Analyzing the pollen production per plant and airborne pollen levels, we observed important discordances between them, which can be due to the influence of weather conditions and be related with self-pollination processes. We found important differences on pollen viability depending on the applied method and variety, with higher values for the AC method than the TTC for both varieties in all study plots, and higher values for Mencía variety than Godello. Regarding germination rates, we observed a marked reduction in 2017 with respect to 2018, in all study sites and for both varieties. The analyzed parameters were useful to explain the different productive abilities of Godello and Mencía varieties in the two studied bioclimatic regions of Ribeiro and Ribeira Sacra.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document