Distribution of Radial Growth During the Development of Red Pine Root Systems

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. F. Fayle
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Longitudinal Distribution ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Branching Points ◽  
Individual Sequences

The patterns of ring width throughout the root systems and stems of several 32- to 36-year-old, plantation-grown red pine were analyzed. All root systems showed a basic similarity in their radial sequences of ring width. Within a root system, individual sequences ranged from those similar to the radial sequence at the stem base to ones apparently dissimilar. At the stem–root base, the increasing distance to the tree crown with time and changes in mechanical stresses with increasing tree size appeared to play major roles in the development of the basic pattern. The position and type of root, the environment of its apices, and changes in the transportation pathways in the xylem and phloem at branching points may all have influenced the pattern in individual roots. The pattern of deposition of xylem at branching points was visualized as an interaction between the stream of growth regulators and assimilates towards the root tips and the stream of xylem water (and (or) dissolved substances) towards the root base. Discontinuities in the growth layers did not occur in the stem but increased with time in the roots, particularly in the surface horizontal roots. Moisture availability modified the radial sequence patterns and probably influenced the shifts in longitudinal distribution of radial increment from year to year within and between the stem and the root system. The maximum current annual increment in root wood volume occurred before that in the stem.

Extension and Longitudinal Growth During the Development of Red Pine Root Systems

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. F. Fayle
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Moisture Availability ◽  
Below Ground

Extension of the root system and stem during the first 30 years of growth of plantation-grown red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) on four sites was deduced by root and stem analyses. Maximum rooting depth was reached in the first decade and maximum horizontal extension of roots was virtually complete between years 15 and 20. The main horizontal roots of red pine seldom exceed 11 m in length. Elongation of vertical and horizontal roots was examined in relation to moisture availability and some physical soil conditions. The changing relations within the tree in lineal dimensions and annual elongation of the roots and stem are illustrated. The development of intertree competition above and below ground is considered.

A biochemical study of BAS 517 using excised corn and soybean root systems

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
Hwei-Yiing Li ◽  
Chester L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Biochemical Study ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Soybean Root ◽  
Corn Roots ◽  
Tracer Techniques ◽  
High Degree

The mode of action of BAS 517 in a susceptible plant species, corn, was investigated using an excised root system and14C-tracer techniques. The root system of a tolerant species, soybean, was used for comparison. When UL-14C- glucose was used as a precursor,14C incorporation into lipids was reduced in BAS 517-treated corn roots, although14C incorporation from UL-14C-glucose into lipids was relatively low. Inhibition of14C incorporation into water-soluble compounds was not definite because of a high degree of variability. Using14C-acetate as a precursor, 49, 43, and 34% of the recovered radioactivity was found in the lipid fractions of root tips treated with 0, 1.0, and 10 μM BAS 517, respectively. In nontreated soybean root tips, 47% of the recovered radioactivity was found in the lipid fraction compared to 49% in root tips treated with 10 μM BAS 517. Further analysis of lipids showed that BAS 517 inhibited the incorporation of14C from14C-acetate into phosphatidylethanolamine, a phospholipid, whereas the labeling of sterols in treated corn roots was not adversely affected. Acetyl CoA carboxylase extracted from root systems of corn and soybean showed different sensitivity to BAS 517, suggesting its role as the herbicide target site and as a basis for the selectivity.

scholarly journals A functional–structural model of upland rice root systems reveals the importance of laterals and growing root tips for phosphate uptake from wet and dry soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieterjan De Bauw ◽  
Trung Hieu Mai ◽  
Andrea Schnepf ◽  
Roel Merckx ◽  
Erik Smolders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Segments ◽  
Plant P Uptake

Abstract Background and Aims Upland rice is often grown where water and phosphorus (P) are limited. To better understand the interaction between water and P availability, functional–structural models that mechanistically represent small-scale nutrient gradients and water dynamics in the rhizosphere are needed. Methods Rice was grown in large columns using a P-deficient soil at three P supplies in the topsoil (deficient, sub-optimal and non-limiting) in combination with two water regimes (field capacity vs. drying periods). Root system characteristics, such as nodal root number, lateral types, interbranch distance, root diameters and the distribution of biomass with depth, as well as water and P uptake, were measured. Based on the observed root data, 3-D root systems were reconstructed by calibrating the structural architecure model CRootBox for each scenario. Water flow and P transport in the soil to each of the individual root segments of the generated 3-D root architectures were simulated using a multiscale flow and transport model. Total water and P uptake were then computed by adding up the uptake by all the root segments. Key Results Measurements showed that root architecture was significantly affected by the treatments. The moist, high P scenario had 2.8 times the root mass, double the number of nodal roots and more S-type laterals than the dry, low P scenario. Likewise, measured plant P uptake increased >3-fold by increasing P and water supply. However, drying periods reduced P uptake at high but not at low P supply. Simulation results adequately predicted P uptake in all scenarios when the Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) was corrected for diffusion limitation. They showed that the key drivers for P uptake are the different types of laterals (i.e. S- and L-type) and growing root tips. The L-type laterals become more important for overall water and P uptake than the S-type laterals in the dry scenarios. This is true across all the P treatments, but the effect is more pronounced as the P availability decreases. Conclusions This functional–structural model can predict the function of specific rice roots in terms of P and water uptake under different P and water supplies, when the structure of the root system is known. A future challenge is to predict how the structure root systems responds to nutrient and water availability.

Wood Growth Determined from Growth Ring Analysis in Red Pine (Pinus Resinosa) Trees Forced to Lean by a Hurricane

IAWA Journal ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Akachuku
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Growth Ratio ◽  
Ring Analysis

Leaning red pine (Pinus resinosa) trees at Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts, U.S.A., were sampled for wood growth studies 50 years after they were displaced by a hurricane. Before the hurricane incursion, ring width varied among trees and from year to year but not among radiL After the hurricane, between-tree variation in ring width was again significant but it was not appreciably due to angle of displacement (AOD) of the bole. Wood growth distribution along the bole in the leaning trees was complex. Between- radius variation in ring width was significant in the leaning boles; ring width was largest on the lower side. On the average ring width decreased as tree age increased but the variation was much less on the upper than on the lower side. Ring area tended to decrease with increase in age but the relationship was strongest in the least displaced bole and vice versa. Asymmetrie growth ratio increased with AOD of a bole and varied with year of wood formation but was not related to cambium age. Graphs of height above the ground on percentage pith eccentricity exhibited a sinuous shape like that of the trees. Cumulative growth and mean annual increment of height and volume increased with tree age. Current annual increment of height and volurne decreased for 9 and 5 years after the hurricane and after the 64th and 69th year of the tree, respectively. Form factor increased after pruning but decreased later with age. Precipitation was not closely related to ring width in the leaning boles.

Tree-ring patterns in stems and root systems of black spruce (Picea mariana) caused by spruce budworms

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1583-1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Krause ◽  
Hubert Morin
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Tree Ring Width ◽  
Growth Reduction

Radial growth along the stems and root systems of black spruce trees (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) was examined to determine the effects of spruce budworm defoliation. A mixed conifer and pure black spruce stand located in the boreal zone of Quebec, Canada were sampled. Following defoliation, dendrochronological analyses revealed the percent growth reduction in the ring width at different stem heights and throughout the root system. Ring widths of black spruce were found to be reduced during the last three spruce budworm outbreaks. The reduction of the tree-ring width after spruce budworm outbreaks started first in the crown region and was followed by reduction at the stem base. For the whole root system, the ring-width index exhibited a decrease. The root system showed a high sensitivity to defoliation by spruce budworm. Inside the root system, the growth reduction after a spruce budworm outbreak was variable in each root branch. The growth decrease of the pure black spruce stand was less intensive than in the mixed stand.

Clonal architecture of Salix setchelliana (gravel bar willow) in Alaska

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 590-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
River Channels ◽  
Clonal Architecture ◽  
Branching Points ◽  
Gravel Bar ◽  
Underground System ◽  
Environmental Exploration

Clones of Salix setchelliana were excavated to describe the architecture of this prostrate clonal species and to determine if there are architectural parameters or clonal growth forms that vary with clonal age. The species' gravel-bar habitat, a mosaic of previous river channels, is unpredictable in time and variable in space. Clones are composed of vertical shoots connected by horizontal roots. Because clones expand by peripheral growth of their root systems, the six studied clones could be placed in order of apparent increasing age, primarily on the basis of size. Substrate was removed by hand and the horizontal root systems mapped. Data on shoots, root branch angles, and root peripheral growing points were recorded. Several density parameters were calculated and examined for trends along the sequence of apparent increasing clonal age. Most measures of shoot density increased along this sequence, as did horizontal root system density and the linear density of horizontal root system branching points. Clones appear to change in time from a "guerrilla" growth form of environmental exploration to more of a "battalion" growth form with increased branching of the underground system. Key words: willow, clonal, architecture, Alaska, Salix.

scholarly journals Pruning effect on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) growth and quality

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endijs Baders ◽  
Janis Donis ◽  
Guntars Snepsts ◽  
Andis Adamovics ◽  
Aris Jansons
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Management Activity ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Occlusion Rate

Abstract Pruning requires significant investment, therefore, the aim of the study was to characterize occlusion of branch wounds and changes in radial increment as well as frequency of browsing damages after pruning of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in order to provide data for financial calculations and recommendations for practical forestry. Altogether 1,614 pruned and 4,368 unpruned trees from 45 Norway spruce stands were measured and cored. Degree of wound occlusion and browsing damages were assessed, and additional volume increment estimated in each stand. Pruning resulted in significant increase of length of branch-free section: for unpruned trees it was 0.3 ± 0.07 m, but for pruned 3.4 ± 0.10 m. Branch wounds for most of the trees (68%) were filled with resin (occluded), for lower share of trees (31%) – still open, but for some trees (1%) completely occluded. Branch wound occlusion rate was not affected by differences in stand density, but was significantly affected by stand age: proportion of trees with occluded branch scars increased with age. Trees with occluded branch wounds had a significantly higher increase in tree ring width after the pruning in comparison to the period before pruning than trees with open branch wounds, emphasizing the importance of radial increment in development of branch-free layer of wood. Pruning resulted in minor (−7% or −0.28 ± 0.05 m3 ha−1) reduction of annual increment that was statistically significant only up to 3 years after this forest management activity for stands younger than 17 years and with mean height up to 10.5 m. Pruned trees were significantly more browsed than unpruned (6.1% and 2.7%, respectively).

Changes in radial increment in stems and roots of balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] after defoliation spruce budworm

1995 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 747-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Krause ◽  
Hubert Morin
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Stem Base ◽  
One Year

Radial increment along the stems and the root systems of 20 balsam fir (Abies balsamea Mill.) was analysed as an indicator of resource allocation after a spruce budworm outbreak. The trees were located in a natural forest, 130 km north of Lake Saint Jean (Québec) in the boreal forest zone. The dynamics of the forest were determined by fire and insect outbreaks. The 20 analysed firs showed clear signs of the last two spruce budworm outbreaks. Tree-ring width was reduced one year earlier in the crown region than at the stem base, and was more variable in the root system. Many tree-rings were missing at the stem base section and especially in the root system (2099 missing rings). Recovery started with a time delay of one year from the upper part of the crown and continued downwards in the stem. The roots and the crown recovered within a longer period. Key words: Abies balsamea, Choristoneura fumiferana, dendroecology, radial increment, root, spruce budworm

scholarly journals Effects of Pruning Liriope Bibs During Division on Subsequent Growth

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-122
Author(s):  
Christine K. Hayes ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Root Tips

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine if shoot pruning of liriope [Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bailey ‘Big Blue’, ‘Evergreen Giant’, and ‘Variegata’] at division affected subsequent growth of roots and shoots. Plants were divided into single bibs and shoots were either left unpruned or pruned 5 cm (2 in) above the plant crown. Plants with shoots pruned took longer to develop 25 new root tips and had smaller root masses at the end of the experiment. ‘Big Blue’ plants had 7.5 bibs per container when plants were not pruned and 4.2 bibs per container when plants were pruned. Root system number at division was also evaluated. Plants with larger roots systems (10 or more roots) developed 25 new roots faster, and produced more bibs than plants with smaller root systems (3-5 roots) at division. In experiments 2 and 3, ‘Evergreen Giant’ was similar to ‘Big Blue’ in that plants that were not pruned developed 25 new roots faster and had larger root systems at the end of the experiment than plants that were pruned. Results with ‘Variegata’, known to be a slower growing cultivar, were varied.

Predicting the Recovery of Red Pine Stump-Root Biomass

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 132-134
Author(s):  
James E. Johnson ◽  
Carl L. Haag
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
System Components

Abstract A study was conducted to develop a prediction equation for harvestable stump and root biomass of red pine. Red pine stumps with attached root systems were harvested with an L. B. Foster VIBRO 50 stump puller attached to a Drott 50 loader. The stump-root systems were field dried, sectioned into system components, and weighed. Oven-dry weights for all stump and root fractions were determined. A curvilinear model was used to relate harvestable root biomass to dbh. In the plantation sampled, the harvestable stump-root system consisted of 20.0 metric tons/ha (8.9 tons/ac), which was 67% of the total stump-root system, and 11% of the total stand biomass. North. J. Appl. For. 2:132-134, Dec 1985.

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