Predicting the Recovery of Red Pine Stump-Root Biomass

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 132-134
Author(s):  
James E. Johnson ◽  
Carl L. Haag
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
System Components

Abstract A study was conducted to develop a prediction equation for harvestable stump and root biomass of red pine. Red pine stumps with attached root systems were harvested with an L. B. Foster VIBRO 50 stump puller attached to a Drott 50 loader. The stump-root systems were field dried, sectioned into system components, and weighed. Oven-dry weights for all stump and root fractions were determined. A curvilinear model was used to relate harvestable root biomass to dbh. In the plantation sampled, the harvestable stump-root system consisted of 20.0 metric tons/ha (8.9 tons/ac), which was 67% of the total stump-root system, and 11% of the total stand biomass. North. J. Appl. For. 2:132-134, Dec 1985.

Extension and Longitudinal Growth During the Development of Red Pine Root Systems

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. F. Fayle
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Moisture Availability ◽  
Below Ground

Extension of the root system and stem during the first 30 years of growth of plantation-grown red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) on four sites was deduced by root and stem analyses. Maximum rooting depth was reached in the first decade and maximum horizontal extension of roots was virtually complete between years 15 and 20. The main horizontal roots of red pine seldom exceed 11 m in length. Elongation of vertical and horizontal roots was examined in relation to moisture availability and some physical soil conditions. The changing relations within the tree in lineal dimensions and annual elongation of the roots and stem are illustrated. The development of intertree competition above and below ground is considered.

Distribution of Radial Growth During the Development of Red Pine Root Systems

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. F. Fayle
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Longitudinal Distribution ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Branching Points ◽  
Individual Sequences

The patterns of ring width throughout the root systems and stems of several 32- to 36-year-old, plantation-grown red pine were analyzed. All root systems showed a basic similarity in their radial sequences of ring width. Within a root system, individual sequences ranged from those similar to the radial sequence at the stem base to ones apparently dissimilar. At the stem–root base, the increasing distance to the tree crown with time and changes in mechanical stresses with increasing tree size appeared to play major roles in the development of the basic pattern. The position and type of root, the environment of its apices, and changes in the transportation pathways in the xylem and phloem at branching points may all have influenced the pattern in individual roots. The pattern of deposition of xylem at branching points was visualized as an interaction between the stream of growth regulators and assimilates towards the root tips and the stream of xylem water (and (or) dissolved substances) towards the root base. Discontinuities in the growth layers did not occur in the stem but increased with time in the roots, particularly in the surface horizontal roots. Moisture availability modified the radial sequence patterns and probably influenced the shifts in longitudinal distribution of radial increment from year to year within and between the stem and the root system. The maximum current annual increment in root wood volume occurred before that in the stem.

scholarly journals Clifford Spinors and Root System Induction: $$H_4$$ and the Grand Antiprism

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Philippe Dechant
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Invariant Sets ◽  
Simple Construction ◽  
Reflection Groups ◽  
Computational Work ◽  
Algebraic Framework ◽  
Underlying Geometry ◽  
Coxeter Plane ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractRecent work has shown that every 3D root system allows the construction of a corresponding 4D root system via an ‘induction theorem’. In this paper, we look at the icosahedral case of $$H_3\rightarrow H_4$$ H 3 → H 4 in detail and perform the calculations explicitly. Clifford algebra is used to perform group theoretic calculations based on the versor theorem and the Cartan–Dieudonné theorem, giving a simple construction of the $${\mathrm {Pin}}$$ Pin and $${\mathrm {Spin}}$$ Spin covers. Using this connection with $$H_3$$ H 3 via the induction theorem sheds light on geometric aspects of the $$H_4$$ H 4 root system (the 600-cell) as well as other related polytopes and their symmetries, such as the famous Grand Antiprism and the snub 24-cell. The uniform construction of root systems from 3D and the uniform procedure of splitting root systems with respect to subrootsystems into separate invariant sets allows further systematic insight into the underlying geometry. All calculations are performed in the even subalgebra of $${\mathrm {Cl}}(3)$$ Cl ( 3 ) , including the construction of the Coxeter plane, which is used for visualising the complementary pairs of invariant polytopes, and are shared as supplementary computational work sheets. This approach therefore constitutes a more systematic and general way of performing calculations concerning groups, in particular reflection groups and root systems, in a Clifford algebraic framework.

scholarly journals Effect of earthworms on mycorrhization, root morphology and biomass of silver fir seedlings inoculated with black summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Unuk Nahberger ◽  
Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci ◽  
Hojka Kraigher ◽  
Tine Grebenc
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Tuber Aestivum ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Parameters

AbstractSpecies of the genus Tuber have gained a lot of attention in recent decades due to their aromatic hypogenous fruitbodies, which can bring high prices on the market. The tendency in truffle production is to infect oak, hazel, beech, etc. in greenhouse conditions. We aimed to show whether silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) can be an appropriate host partner for commercial mycorrhization with truffles, and how earthworms in the inoculation substrate would affect the mycorrhization dynamics. Silver fir seedlings inoculated with Tuber. aestivum were analyzed for root system parameters and mycorrhization, how earthworms affect the bare root system, and if mycorrhization parameters change when earthworms are added to the inoculation substrate. Seedlings were analyzed 6 and 12 months after spore inoculation. Mycorrhization with or without earthworms revealed contrasting effects on fine root biomass and morphology of silver fir seedlings. Only a few of the assessed fine root parameters showed statistically significant response, namely higher fine root biomass and fine root tip density in inoculated seedlings without earthworms 6 months after inoculation, lower fine root tip density when earthworms were added, the specific root tip density increased in inoculated seedlings without earthworms 12 months after inoculation, and general negative effect of earthworm on branching density. Silver fir was confirmed as a suitable host partner for commercial mycorrhization with truffles, with 6% and 35% mycorrhization 6 months after inoculation and between 36% and 55% mycorrhization 12 months after inoculation. The effect of earthworms on mycorrhization of silver fir with Tuber aestivum was positive only after 6 months of mycorrhization, while this effect disappeared and turned insignificantly negative after 12 months due to the secondary effect of grazing on ectomycorrhizal root tips.

On Closed Subsets of Root Systems

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ž. Doković ◽  
P. Check ◽  
J.-Y. Hée
Keyword(s):  
Weyl Group ◽  
Root System ◽  
Irreducible Component ◽  
Product Space ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Inner Product Space ◽  
Inner Product ◽  
Closed Sets ◽  
Finite Dimensional ◽  
Real Inner Product Space

AbstractLet R be a root system (in the sense of Bourbaki) in a finite dimensional real inner product space V. A subset P ⊂ R is closed if α, β ∊ P and α + β ∊ R imply that α + β ∊ P. In this paper we shall classify, up to conjugacy by the Weyl group W of R, all closed sets P ⊂ R such that R\P is also closed. We also show that if θ:R —> R′ is a bijection between two root systems such that both θ and θ-1 preserve closed sets, and if R has at most one irreducible component of type A1, then θ is an isomorphism of root systems.

Biomass allocation in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants grown under partial rootzone drying: enhancement of root growth

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren M. Mingo ◽  
Julian C. Theobald ◽  
Mark A. Bacon ◽  
William J. Davies ◽  
Ian C. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Root System ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Split Root ◽  
Split Root System ◽  
Partial Rootzone Drying ◽  
And Control

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were grown in either a glasshouse (GH) or a controlled environment cabinet (CEC) to assess the effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) on biomass allocation. Control and PRD plants received the same amounts of water. In control plants, water was equally distributed between two compartments of a split-root system. In PRD plants, only one compartment was watered while the other was allowed to dry. At the end of each drying cycle, wet and dry compartments were alternated. In the GH, total biomass did not differ between PRD and control plants after four cycles of PRD, but PRD increased root biomass by 55% as resources were partitioned away from shoot organs. In the CEC, leaf water potential did not differ between treatments at the end of either of two cycles of PRD, but stomatal conductance of PRD plants was 20% less at the end of the first cycle than at the beginning. After two cycles of PRD in the CEC, biomass did not differ between PRD and control plants, but PRD increased root biomass by 19% over the control plants. The promotion of root biomass in PRD plants was associated with the alternation of wet and dry compartments, with increased root biomass occurring in the re-watered compartment after previous exposure to soil drying. Promotion of root biomass in field-grown PRD plants may allow the root system to access resources (water and nutrients) that would otherwise be unavailable to control plants. This may contribute to the ability of PRD plants to maintain similar leaf water potentials to conventionally irrigated plants, even when smaller irrigation volumes are supplied.

Effects of Temperature on Root Morphology and Ectendomycorrhizal Development in Pinusresinosa Ait.

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh E. Wilcox ◽  
Ruth Ganmore-Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
First Order ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Seedlings of Pinusresinosa were grown at root temperatures of 16, 21 and 27 °C, both aseptically and after inoculation with the ectendomycorrhizal fungus BDG-58. Growth after 3 months was significantly influenced by the presence of the fungus at all 3 temperatures. The influence of the fungus on root growth was obscured by the effects of root temperature on morphology. The root system at 16 and at 21 °C possessed many first-order laterals with numerous, well developed second-order branches, but those at 27 °C had only a few, relatively long, unbranched first-order laterals. Although the root systems of infected seedlings were larger, the fungus increased root growth in the same pattern as determined by the temperature.

scholarly journals Effect of nitrogen on the distribution of biomass and element composition of the root system of miscanthus × giganteus

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 547-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeljko Dzeletovic ◽  
Djordje Glamoclija
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Element Composition ◽  
Simple Experiment ◽  
Miscanthus Giganteus ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients ◽  
Mn Concentrations

Perennial bioenergy grass crops, despite a relatively similar production of aboveground biomass, show significant differences in the overall root biomass. Rhizomes play a key role in economizing nutrients in miscanthus. The aim of this research was to establish the effect of N (nitrogen) on the distribution of biomass and concentration of major macro- and micronutrients in the miscanthus root system, using simple experiment in pots. After two years of growth, the rhizomes and roots were taken out of the pots, cleaned of earth and analyzed. About 2/3 of the mass of the miscanthus root system consist of rhizome mass. The overall dry biomass of newly formed rhizomes and roots is decreased with the increase in the amount of applied N fertilization. Thereby, the N concentration in the entire root system, as well as in some of its parts, increased with the rise in applied amount of N. Our results show that increasing amounts of applied N consistently negatively correlate with P concentrations in the miscanthus root system, in contrast to Mn concentrations, with which they correlate positively.

scholarly journals Contemporary Concepts of Root System Architecture of Urban Trees

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Susan Day ◽  
P. Eric Wiseman ◽  
Sarah Dickinson ◽  
J. Roger Harris
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Urban Settings

Knowledge of the extent and distribution of tree root systems is essential for managing trees in the built environment. Despite recent advances in root detection tools, published research on tree root architecture in urban settings has been limited and only partially synthesized. Root growth patterns of urban trees may differ considerably from similar species in forested or agricultural environments. This paper reviews literature documenting tree root growth in urban settings as well as literature addressing root architecture in nonurban settings that may contribute to present understanding of tree roots in built environments. Although tree species may have the genetic potential for generating deep root systems (>2 m), rooting depth in urban situations is frequently restricted by impenetrable or inhospitable soil layers or by underground infrastructure. Lateral root extent is likewise subject to restriction by dense soils under hardscape or by absence of irrigation in dry areas. By combining results of numerous studies, the authors of this paper estimated the radius of an unrestricted root system initially increases at a rate of approximately 38 to 1, compared to trunk diameter; however, this ratio likely considerably declines as trees mature. Roots are often irregularly distributed around the tree and may be influenced by cardinal direction, terrain, tree lean, or obstacles in the built environment. Buttress roots, tap roots, and other root types are also discussed.

A biochemical study of BAS 517 using excised corn and soybean root systems

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
Hwei-Yiing Li ◽  
Chester L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Biochemical Study ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Soybean Root ◽  
Corn Roots ◽  
Tracer Techniques ◽  
High Degree

The mode of action of BAS 517 in a susceptible plant species, corn, was investigated using an excised root system and14C-tracer techniques. The root system of a tolerant species, soybean, was used for comparison. When UL-14C- glucose was used as a precursor,14C incorporation into lipids was reduced in BAS 517-treated corn roots, although14C incorporation from UL-14C-glucose into lipids was relatively low. Inhibition of14C incorporation into water-soluble compounds was not definite because of a high degree of variability. Using14C-acetate as a precursor, 49, 43, and 34% of the recovered radioactivity was found in the lipid fractions of root tips treated with 0, 1.0, and 10 μM BAS 517, respectively. In nontreated soybean root tips, 47% of the recovered radioactivity was found in the lipid fraction compared to 49% in root tips treated with 10 μM BAS 517. Further analysis of lipids showed that BAS 517 inhibited the incorporation of14C from14C-acetate into phosphatidylethanolamine, a phospholipid, whereas the labeling of sterols in treated corn roots was not adversely affected. Acetyl CoA carboxylase extracted from root systems of corn and soybean showed different sensitivity to BAS 517, suggesting its role as the herbicide target site and as a basis for the selectivity.

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