A biochemical study of BAS 517 using excised corn and soybean root systems

The mode of action of BAS 517 in a susceptible plant species, corn, was investigated using an excised root system and14C-tracer techniques. The root system of a tolerant species, soybean, was used for comparison. When UL-14C- glucose was used as a precursor,14C incorporation into lipids was reduced in BAS 517-treated corn roots, although14C incorporation from UL-14C-glucose into lipids was relatively low. Inhibition of14C incorporation into water-soluble compounds was not definite because of a high degree of variability. Using14C-acetate as a precursor, 49, 43, and 34% of the recovered radioactivity was found in the lipid fractions of root tips treated with 0, 1.0, and 10 μM BAS 517, respectively. In nontreated soybean root tips, 47% of the recovered radioactivity was found in the lipid fraction compared to 49% in root tips treated with 10 μM BAS 517. Further analysis of lipids showed that BAS 517 inhibited the incorporation of14C from14C-acetate into phosphatidylethanolamine, a phospholipid, whereas the labeling of sterols in treated corn roots was not adversely affected. Acetyl CoA carboxylase extracted from root systems of corn and soybean showed different sensitivity to BAS 517, suggesting its role as the herbicide target site and as a basis for the selectivity.

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A functional–structural model of upland rice root systems reveals the importance of laterals and growing root tips for phosphate uptake from wet and dry soils

Annals of Botany ◽

10.1093/aob/mcaa120 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 126 (4) ◽

pp. 789-806 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pieterjan De Bauw ◽

Trung Hieu Mai ◽

Andrea Schnepf ◽

Roel Merckx ◽

Erik Smolders ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Structural Model ◽

Upland Rice ◽

Root Systems ◽

P Uptake ◽

Small Scale ◽

P Availability ◽

Root Tips ◽

Root Segments ◽

Plant P Uptake

Abstract Background and Aims Upland rice is often grown where water and phosphorus (P) are limited. To better understand the interaction between water and P availability, functional–structural models that mechanistically represent small-scale nutrient gradients and water dynamics in the rhizosphere are needed. Methods Rice was grown in large columns using a P-deficient soil at three P supplies in the topsoil (deficient, sub-optimal and non-limiting) in combination with two water regimes (field capacity vs. drying periods). Root system characteristics, such as nodal root number, lateral types, interbranch distance, root diameters and the distribution of biomass with depth, as well as water and P uptake, were measured. Based on the observed root data, 3-D root systems were reconstructed by calibrating the structural architecure model CRootBox for each scenario. Water flow and P transport in the soil to each of the individual root segments of the generated 3-D root architectures were simulated using a multiscale flow and transport model. Total water and P uptake were then computed by adding up the uptake by all the root segments. Key Results Measurements showed that root architecture was significantly affected by the treatments. The moist, high P scenario had 2.8 times the root mass, double the number of nodal roots and more S-type laterals than the dry, low P scenario. Likewise, measured plant P uptake increased >3-fold by increasing P and water supply. However, drying periods reduced P uptake at high but not at low P supply. Simulation results adequately predicted P uptake in all scenarios when the Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) was corrected for diffusion limitation. They showed that the key drivers for P uptake are the different types of laterals (i.e. S- and L-type) and growing root tips. The L-type laterals become more important for overall water and P uptake than the S-type laterals in the dry scenarios. This is true across all the P treatments, but the effect is more pronounced as the P availability decreases. Conclusions This functional–structural model can predict the function of specific rice roots in terms of P and water uptake under different P and water supplies, when the structure of the root system is known. A future challenge is to predict how the structure root systems responds to nutrient and water availability.

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Distribution of Radial Growth During the Development of Red Pine Root Systems

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x75-088 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 608-625 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

D. C. F. Fayle

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Ring Width ◽

Root Systems ◽

Red Pine ◽

Longitudinal Distribution ◽

Radial Increment ◽

Root Tips ◽

Annual Increment ◽

Branching Points ◽

Individual Sequences

The patterns of ring width throughout the root systems and stems of several 32- to 36-year-old, plantation-grown red pine were analyzed. All root systems showed a basic similarity in their radial sequences of ring width. Within a root system, individual sequences ranged from those similar to the radial sequence at the stem base to ones apparently dissimilar. At the stem–root base, the increasing distance to the tree crown with time and changes in mechanical stresses with increasing tree size appeared to play major roles in the development of the basic pattern. The position and type of root, the environment of its apices, and changes in the transportation pathways in the xylem and phloem at branching points may all have influenced the pattern in individual roots. The pattern of deposition of xylem at branching points was visualized as an interaction between the stream of growth regulators and assimilates towards the root tips and the stream of xylem water (and (or) dissolved substances) towards the root base. Discontinuities in the growth layers did not occur in the stem but increased with time in the roots, particularly in the surface horizontal roots. Moisture availability modified the radial sequence patterns and probably influenced the shifts in longitudinal distribution of radial increment from year to year within and between the stem and the root system. The maximum current annual increment in root wood volume occurred before that in the stem.

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Split-root systems: detailed methodology, alternative applications, and implications at leaf proteome level

Plant Methods ◽

10.1186/s13007-020-00706-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Iñigo Saiz-Fernández ◽

Martin Černý ◽

Jan Skalák ◽

Břetislav Brzobohatý

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Root System ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Healing Process ◽

Root Systems ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Split Root ◽

Split Root System ◽

Leaf Proteome

Abstract Background Split-root systems (SRS) have many applications in plant sciences, but their implementation, depending on the experimental design, can be difficult and time-consuming. Additionally, the system is not exempt from limitations, since the time required for the establishment of the SRS imposes a limit to how early in plant development experiments can be performed. Here, we optimized and explained in detail a method for establishing a SRS in young Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, both in vitro and in soil. Results We found that the partial de-rooting minimized the recovery time compared to total de-rooting, thus allowing the establishment of the split-root system in younger plants. Analysis of changes in the Arabidopsis leaf proteome following the de-rooting procedure highlighted the distinct metabolic alterations that totally and partially de-rooted plants undergo during the healing process. This system was also validated for its use in drought experiments, as it offers a way to apply water-soluble compounds to plants subjected to drought stress. By growing plants in a split-root system with both halves being water-deprived, it is possible to apply the required compound to one half of the root system, which can be cut from the main plant once the compound has been absorbed, thus minimizing rehydration and maintaining drought conditions. Conclusions Partial de-rooting is the suggested method for obtaining split-root systems in small plants like Arabidopsis thaliana, as growth parameters, survival rate, and proteomic analysis suggest that is a less stressful procedure than total de-rooting, leading to a final rosette area much closer to that of uncut plants. Additionally, we provide evidence that split root-systems can be used in drought experiments where water-soluble compounds are applied with minimal effects of rehydration.

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Effects of Pruning Liriope Bibs During Division on Subsequent Growth

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-17.3.119 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 119-122

Author(s):

Christine K. Hayes ◽

Charles H. Gilliam ◽

Gary J. Keever ◽

D. Joseph Eakes

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Root Systems ◽

Subsequent Growth ◽

Root Tips

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine if shoot pruning of liriope [Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bailey ‘Big Blue’, ‘Evergreen Giant’, and ‘Variegata’] at division affected subsequent growth of roots and shoots. Plants were divided into single bibs and shoots were either left unpruned or pruned 5 cm (2 in) above the plant crown. Plants with shoots pruned took longer to develop 25 new root tips and had smaller root masses at the end of the experiment. ‘Big Blue’ plants had 7.5 bibs per container when plants were not pruned and 4.2 bibs per container when plants were pruned. Root system number at division was also evaluated. Plants with larger roots systems (10 or more roots) developed 25 new roots faster, and produced more bibs than plants with smaller root systems (3-5 roots) at division. In experiments 2 and 3, ‘Evergreen Giant’ was similar to ‘Big Blue’ in that plants that were not pruned developed 25 new roots faster and had larger root systems at the end of the experiment than plants that were pruned. Results with ‘Variegata’, known to be a slower growing cultivar, were varied.

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Biochemical Effects of Sethoxydim in Excised Root Tips of Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500060665 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 612-618 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Hideo Hosaka ◽

Masae (Kubota) Takagi

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Synthase ◽

Lipid Fraction ◽

Lipid Synthesis ◽

Root Tip ◽

Root Tips ◽

Biochemical Effects ◽

Corn Roots ◽

Synthase Inhibitor

The effects of sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino) butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} on the metabolic activity of excised root tips of corn (Zea mays, L. ‘Goldencrossbantam′) were studied under laboratory conditions. Uptake and incorporation of14C-labeled thymidine, uridine, leucine, glucose, and acetic acid into cell constituents, as well as respiration, increased continuously with time progressions during the incubation period. Sethoxydim did not affect either the uptake of any14C-precursor into or respiration of the root tip tissue. Although RNA and protein syntheses were not affected by the herbicide, DNA and cell wall syntheses were inhibited 120 min after treatment with sethoxydim. Incorporation of14C-acetic acid into lipid fraction was inhibited by sethoxydim in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. This inhibition was observed at a shorter time after sethoxydim treatment than that of any other14C-precursor. The effect was not observed in the nonproliferative regions of corn roots, whereas cerulenin (a fatty acid synthase inhibitor) inhibited the incorporation of14C-acetic acid both in proliferative and nonproliferative regions. It is suggested that the inhibition of lipid synthesis by sethoxydim does not play a major role in the mode of action of this herbicide. The effects of sethoxydim, including those on lipid metabolism, are closely associated with proliferative conditions of susceptible graminaceous plants.

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Field Competition Between Tall Morningglory and Soybean. II. Development and Distribution of Root Systems

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500066443 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 454-460 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

H. D. Scott ◽

L. R. Oliver

Keyword(s):

Interspecific Competition ◽

Root System ◽

Intraspecific Competition ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Systems ◽

Planting Density ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Soybean Root ◽

Ipomoea Purpurea ◽

Plant Densities

Studies of the development and distribution of root systems of intraspecific and interspecific competition were conducted between soybean [Glycine max.(L.) Merr. ‘Lee 68′] and tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea(L.) Roth]. Tall morningglory at three plant densities and soybean were grown for 2 yr on a Taloka silt loam. The greatest density of soybean and tall morningglory roots grown under intraspecific competition was in the surface 12 cm and in the center of the row. Greater values of root length and density were during the dryer season. The largest fraction of total root length at a given date also was in the surface 12 cm and decreased with depth. The fraction at a given depth was a dynamic property of the root system during the growing season. When compared with the soybean root system, tall morningglory roots were found at deeper depths and had greater root densities. Little expansion of the soybean root system was found after initiation of the soybean reproductive phase. During this phase, the tall morningglory root system was increasing at a faster rate of growth than the soybean root system. The greatest density of roots grown under interspecific competition also was in the surface 12 cm and at the center of the row. These values were less than those found under intraspecific competition. Root distribution and development are dynamic functions of growth stage, planting density, and plant species.

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Effect of coppicing on root system morphology and its significance for subsequent shoot regeneration of birches

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x98-174 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 28 (12) ◽

pp. 1870-1878 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Katri Paukkonen ◽

Anneli Kauppi

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Betula Pendula ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Root Systems ◽

Stem Cutting ◽

Root Pruning ◽

Root Tips ◽

White Birch ◽

Seed Origin ◽

Positive Effect

The growth of the root system after stem cutting and the effects of the root system and its size on the regeneration of stem are poorly known. These aspects were here investigated in 8-year-old silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and common white birch (B. pubescens Ehrh.) growing in the field. One eighth of the root systems of birches of both sprout and seed origins were excavated for morphometric analysis. Seven years after the first cutting, fresh mass, length, and diameter of the roots of sprout-origin B. pendula were smaller than those of seed-origin ones. After the cutting of the experimental season, the root system did not develop new structural root tips. When both root pruning and stem cutting were performed, stumps sprouted well by July, but the number of sprouts decreased clearly by August. The positive effect of stem cutting on sprouting disappears in a few years in these species. As the size of the root system does not clearly influence the growth of sprouts, the competition of root systems of adjacent trees does not restrict the shoot growth of birch plants at least in planted birches up to about 10 years of age.

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Clifford Spinors and Root System Induction: $$H_4$$ and the Grand Antiprism

Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras ◽

10.1007/s00006-021-01139-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Pierre-Philippe Dechant

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Root Systems ◽

Invariant Sets ◽

Simple Construction ◽

Reflection Groups ◽

Computational Work ◽

Algebraic Framework ◽

Underlying Geometry ◽

Coxeter Plane ◽

Insight Into

AbstractRecent work has shown that every 3D root system allows the construction of a corresponding 4D root system via an ‘induction theorem’. In this paper, we look at the icosahedral case of $$H_3\rightarrow H_4$$ H 3 → H 4 in detail and perform the calculations explicitly. Clifford algebra is used to perform group theoretic calculations based on the versor theorem and the Cartan–Dieudonné theorem, giving a simple construction of the $${\mathrm {Pin}}$$ Pin and $${\mathrm {Spin}}$$ Spin covers. Using this connection with $$H_3$$ H 3 via the induction theorem sheds light on geometric aspects of the $$H_4$$ H 4 root system (the 600-cell) as well as other related polytopes and their symmetries, such as the famous Grand Antiprism and the snub 24-cell. The uniform construction of root systems from 3D and the uniform procedure of splitting root systems with respect to subrootsystems into separate invariant sets allows further systematic insight into the underlying geometry. All calculations are performed in the even subalgebra of $${\mathrm {Cl}}(3)$$ Cl ( 3 ) , including the construction of the Coxeter plane, which is used for visualising the complementary pairs of invariant polytopes, and are shared as supplementary computational work sheets. This approach therefore constitutes a more systematic and general way of performing calculations concerning groups, in particular reflection groups and root systems, in a Clifford algebraic framework.

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Effect of earthworms on mycorrhization, root morphology and biomass of silver fir seedlings inoculated with black summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.)

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-85497-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tina Unuk Nahberger ◽

Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci ◽

Hojka Kraigher ◽

Tine Grebenc

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Fine Root ◽

Abies Alba ◽

Fine Root Biomass ◽

Root Tip ◽

Silver Fir ◽

Tuber Aestivum ◽

Root Tips ◽

Root Parameters

AbstractSpecies of the genus Tuber have gained a lot of attention in recent decades due to their aromatic hypogenous fruitbodies, which can bring high prices on the market. The tendency in truffle production is to infect oak, hazel, beech, etc. in greenhouse conditions. We aimed to show whether silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) can be an appropriate host partner for commercial mycorrhization with truffles, and how earthworms in the inoculation substrate would affect the mycorrhization dynamics. Silver fir seedlings inoculated with Tuber. aestivum were analyzed for root system parameters and mycorrhization, how earthworms affect the bare root system, and if mycorrhization parameters change when earthworms are added to the inoculation substrate. Seedlings were analyzed 6 and 12 months after spore inoculation. Mycorrhization with or without earthworms revealed contrasting effects on fine root biomass and morphology of silver fir seedlings. Only a few of the assessed fine root parameters showed statistically significant response, namely higher fine root biomass and fine root tip density in inoculated seedlings without earthworms 6 months after inoculation, lower fine root tip density when earthworms were added, the specific root tip density increased in inoculated seedlings without earthworms 12 months after inoculation, and general negative effect of earthworm on branching density. Silver fir was confirmed as a suitable host partner for commercial mycorrhization with truffles, with 6% and 35% mycorrhization 6 months after inoculation and between 36% and 55% mycorrhization 12 months after inoculation. The effect of earthworms on mycorrhization of silver fir with Tuber aestivum was positive only after 6 months of mycorrhization, while this effect disappeared and turned insignificantly negative after 12 months due to the secondary effect of grazing on ectomycorrhizal root tips.

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QTL mapping of root traits in wheat under different phosphorus levels using hydroponic culture

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-021-07425-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mengjiao Yang ◽

Cairong Wang ◽

Muhammad Adeel Hassan ◽

Faji Li ◽

Xianchun Xia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Phenotypic Diversity ◽

Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽

Snp Array ◽

P Uptake ◽

Hydroponic Culture ◽

Seedling Stage ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Root Tips ◽

Phenotypic Effect

Abstract Background Phosphorus (P) is an important in ensuring plant morphogenesis and grain quality, therefore an efficient root system is crucial for P-uptake. Identification of useful loci for root morphological and P uptake related traits at seedling stage is important for wheat breeding. The aims of this study were to evaluate phenotypic diversity of Yangmai 16/Zhongmai 895 derived doubled haploid (DH) population for root system architecture (RSA) and biomass related traits (BRT) in different P treatments at seedling stage using hydroponic culture, and to identify QTL using 660 K SNP array based high-density genetic map. Results All traits showed significant variations among the DH lines with high heritabilities (0.76 to 0.91) and high correlations (r = 0.59 to 0.98) among all traits. Inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) identified 34 QTL with 4.64–20.41% of the phenotypic variances individually, and the log of odds (LOD) values ranging from 2.59 to 10.43. Seven QTL clusters (C1 to C7) were mapped on chromosomes 3DL, 4BS, 4DS, 6BL, 7AS, 7AL and 7BL, cluster C5 on chromosome 7AS (AX-109955164 - AX-109445593) with pleiotropic effect played key role in modulating root length (RL), root tips number (RTN) and root surface area (ROSA) under low P condition, with the favorable allele from Zhongmai 895. Conclusions This study carried out an imaging pipeline-based rapid phenotyping of RSA and BRT traits in hydroponic culture. It is an efficient approach for screening of large populations under different nutrient conditions. Four QTL on chromosomes 6BL (2) and 7AL (2) identified in low P treatment showed positive additive effects contributed by Zhongmai 895, indicating that Zhongmai 895 could be used as parent for P-deficient breeding. The most stable QTL QRRS.caas-4DS for ratio of root to shoot dry weight (RRS) harbored the stable genetic region with high phenotypic effect, and QTL clusters on 7A might be used for speedy selection of genotypes for P-uptake. SNPs closely linked to QTLs and clusters could be used to improve nutrient-use efficiency.

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