Promotion of flowering in potted Piceaengelmannii (Perry) grafts: effects of heat, drought, gibberellin A4/7, and their timing

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Ross
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Gibberellin Metabolism ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
Needle Water Potential

Young, potted grafts ofPiceaengelmannii were moved into a 30:20 °C (day:night) heated polyethylene house at different stages of lateral shoot elongation; and there they were subjected to low, moderate, or severe drought stress with and without branch applications of gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7). The critical time for promoting flowering by high temperature was the late stage of slow shoot elongation, whereas for drought it was during early and rapid shoot growth. Each treatment inhibited flowering at the time the other was maximally effective and the effective treatment period for GA4/7 appeared to include that both for high temperature and drought. In contrast to drought, optimally timed heat treatment did not retard shoot elongation, nor did it result in a decreased needle water potential relative to well-watered grafts outdoors. It appears that heat and drought promote flowering through different mechanisms, albeit mechanisms which may be mediated, at least in part, through their influence on gibberellin metabolism. Advantages of indoor-potted orchards over conventional soil-based orchards for accelerating the breeding and production of genetically improved P. engelmannii seeds are discussed.

The effect of high temperature regimes or short periods of water stress on development of small fruiting saltana vines

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
D McEAlexander
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Applied Water ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

Poor fruit set of sultanas in the Murray Valley is sometimes attributed to excessively high temperatures around flowering time. Experiments with small fruiting sultana vines in pots suggest that water stress is the more important factor. Fruit set was significantly less when a 3-day period of water stress was imposed at flowering or 1, 2, or 4 weeks after flowering, but not when it was imposed 6 weeks after flowering. Three days with maximum temperatures above 45°C at or 1 week after flowering did not reduce fruit set when ample water was supplied. When controlled environments combining day temperatures between 21 and 30°C with night temperatures between 19 and 25° were used, no significant differences in fruit set were found, although shoot growth increased with increasing night temperature. Shoot elongation slowed down during periods of applied water stress but recovered, when the stress was ended, to a rate greater than that of plants which had not been stressed.

scholarly journals Sorbitol Dehydrogenase Gene Expression and Enzyme Activity in Apple: Tissue Specificity during Bud Development and Response to Rootstock Vigor and Growth Manipulation

2010 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben-Hong Wu ◽  
Shao-Hua Li ◽  
Marta Nosarzewski ◽  
Douglas D. Archbold
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Shoot Tips ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sorbitol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Floral Tissue ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Apical Shoot

Sorbitol is the primary photosynthate and translocated carbohydrate in apple (Malus ×domestica), and most of it is converted to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) in sink tissues. We studied the expression of nine SDH genes, SDH activity, and sorbitol content of apple 1) in buds and floral tissues from dormancy to bloom, 2) in leaves and shoot tips of trees on two rootstocks, the moderately vigorous ‘Malling Merton 111’ (MM.111) and the dwarfing ‘Malling 9’ (M.9), and 3) in shoot tips in response to application of prohexadione-Ca to suppress shoot growth and defoliation and girdling (D/G) to deprive the shoot tip of sorbitol. In mature, orchard-grown trees, sorbitol was the main soluble carbohydrate in expressed xylem sap from dormancy to bloom at levels over 3- to 6-fold those of glucose and fructose, the other major sugars present. Sorbitol levels there increased from dormancy to its highest concentration at the half inch green stage and declined by bloom, while those of the other sugars increased. SDH activity per milligram of protein increased over 4-fold from dormancy to flowering. Three of the nine known SDH genes (SDH1, SDH2, and SDH3) were expressed in immature and mature leaves and all buds from dormancy to bloom, as well as in all floral organs, except that only SDH3 transcript was found in stamen tissue. Two genes, SDH6 and SDH9, were floral-tissue specific; SDH6 transcript was detected in all floral organs except stamens at full bloom, and SDH9 was only expressed in anthers with pollen. In buds and leaves of young, container-grown trees, SDH1 and SDH2 generally accounted for the majority of total SDH expression. There were generally no effects of rootstock on SDH expression, SDH activity, or sorbitol concentration in leaves, while apical shoot tips on M.9 rootstock exhibited greater SDH activity than those on MM.111 or lateral shoot tips on either rootstock, though SDH expression of apical and lateral shoot tips on M.9 was lower than on MM.111. Prohexadione-Ca reduced apical but not lateral shoot growth, increased apical but not lateral shoot tip sorbitol content, had no effect on SDH activity, and increased SDH1 expression of all shoot tips. D/G treatment reduced shoot growth, sorbitol content, and SDH activity, but increased SDH1 expression of apical shoot tips only and SDH2 expression of lateral shoot tips only. This work indicates that sorbitol and other sugars are abundantly available from dormancy to bloom, that SDH activity increased during this period, and that SDH expression is at least in part developmentally regulated within the individual floral and leaf tissues. In shoot tips and leaves of young trees, SDH transcript level was not correlated with sorbitol availability or SDH activity, suggesting that other factors have significant regulatory effects after SDH expression on SDH activity.

CLC 18.10LN

Alloy Digest ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Good Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract CLC 18.10LN is an austenitic stainless steel with 18% Cr, 9.5% Ni, and 0.14% N to provide good corrosion resistance at strengths above the other low-carbon stainless steels. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear strength as well as creep. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-950. Producer or source: Industeel USA, LLC.

scholarly journals Exploring the Effect of Silicon on the High Temperature Corrosion of Lean FeCrAl Alloys in Humid Air

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sand ◽  
A. Edgren ◽  
C. Geers ◽  
V. Asokan ◽  
J. Eklund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Oxidation Behavior ◽  
High Temperature Corrosion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Oxide Scales ◽  
Protective Oxide ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Fecral Alloys ◽  
Cr Evaporation

AbstractA new approach to reduce the chromium and aluminium concentrations in FeCrAl alloys without significantly impairing corrosion resistance is to alloy with 1–2 wt.% silicon. This paper investigates the “silicon effect” on oxidation by comparing the oxidation behavior and scale microstructure of two FeCrAl alloys, one alloyed with silicon and the other not, in dry and wet air at 600 °C and 800 °C. Both alloys formed thin protective oxide scales and the Cr-evaporation rates were small. In wet air at 800 °C the Si-alloyed FeCrAl formed an oxide scale containing mullite and tridymite together with α- and γ-alumina. It is suggested that the reported improvement of the corrosion resistance of Al- and Cr-lean FeCrAl’s by silicon alloying is caused by the appearance of Si-rich phases in the scale.

scholarly journals Interferential comparison of the red and other radiations emitted by a new cadmium lamp and the michelson lamp

1933 ◽  
Vol 139 (837) ◽  
pp. 202-218 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Definite Evidence ◽  
Electro Magnetic ◽  
The Many ◽  
Red Radiation ◽  
Red Line

It is now generally recognised that future definitions of the units of length will probably be based on the length of a wave of visible light. At present the wave-length of the red radiation of cadmium serves as the basis of all measurements of the lengths of electro-magnetic waves which are perceptible by optical means, and provisional sanction has been given to measurements of length on the same basis, as an alternative to direct reference to the metre. Whether the cadmium red radiation provides the best reference standard for all measurements of length has not yet been definitely established. Two international committees, one representing spectroscopists and the other metrologists, have sanctioned standard specifications for cadmium lamps of the Michelson type from which the red radiation may be produced. The two specifications differ from one another in certain details, but both are subject to the same objections. These objections are directed partly against the high temperature at which it is necessary to run the lamp and partly against the high voltage required to excite the radiation. Therefore, such hyperfine structure and asymmetry as may be present in the red line of cadmium is likely to be masked in the Michelson lamp by a combination of two phenomena —the enhanced Doppler effect due to the high temperature of the radiating cadmium atoms, and the effect of the moderately high intensity of the electric field. Were this not so, it might be somewhat surprising that no definite evidence of fine structure or asymmetry had so far been observed in the red line from the Michelson lamp, notwithstanding the many careful examinations, with the aid of the most sensitive interferometers, to which this line has been subjected, in view of its importance as the reference standard for all other wave-lengths. Recently Nagaoka and Sugiura have recorded that they have observed slight evidences of structure in the red radiation when excited under special conditions in which great precautions were taken to ensure extreme sharpness of the line. It is believed, however, that no subsequent confirmation of this effect has yet been published.

The apparent behaviour of maize and sorghum stomata during and after drought

1959 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
The Other ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Young Plant ◽  
Normal Behaviour ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Grain Crop

Maize stomata are shown to be markedly affected by severe drought lasting about a week or more, in that they do not recover their apparent pattern of normal behaviour after the water supply to the plant is restored, although the leaves regain their turgidity and seem normal. On the other hand, sorghum stomata recover well from severe drought lasting 14 days and their recovery follows fairly closely behind the restoration of turgidity to the leaves. It is suggested that this difference in ability of stomata to recover from severe drought in some measure accounts for the superiority of sorghum as a grain crop in dry regions.Severe drought in maize is shown to be less damaging to the young plant than to the old, because the stomata of the unopened leaves behave normally when unfolded after the drought is broken.

Interaction between gibberellin A4/7 and root-pruning on the reproductive and vegetative processes in Douglas-fir. IV. Effects on lateral bud development

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Owens ◽  
J. E. Webber ◽  
S. D. Ross ◽  
R. P. Pharis
Keyword(s):  
Normal Development ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Mitotic Frequency ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Vegetative Bud

The anatomy, mitotic frequency, size, and total insoluble carbohydrate histochemistry was studied in axillary apices from 9- and 10-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees after cone induction treatments of root-pruning and (or) stem injections of a gibberellin A4 and A7 (GA4/7) mixture. Axillary buds were initiated at the time of root-pruning, but root-pruning treatment had no effect on axillary bud initiation. Axillary apices from control and gibberellin-treated trees were similar and followed the normal sequence of bud-scale initiation, differentiation, and leaf initiation (described previously) and no cone buds differentiated. Early development of axillary apices from root-pruned and root-pruned, gibberellin-treated trees was normal, but development became retarded near the time of vegetative bud flush. Retarded apices were small with low mitotic frequency and developed many features characteristics of latent apices. Retardation of axillary apices continued until mid-July when normal development resumed and apices differentiated into reproductive buds or vegetative buds, or became latent. The trees in which the greatest retardation of apical development occurred during lateral shoot elongation produced the most cone buds. These results are discussed in relation to hypotheses proposed to explain how cultural and gibberellin treatments affect cone induction in the Pinaceae.

Gibberellin A4/7 enhances seed-cone production in field-grown black spruce

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong H. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Vegetative Bud ◽  
Needle Primordia

Black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) grafts growing in a seed orchard were sprayed with gibberellin A4/7, and grafts and trees in families growing in arboreta were sprayed with gibberellin A4/7 and (or) vitamin E from vegetative bud burst to the end of shoot elongation. Gibberellin A4/7 was very effective in promoting seed cones and 400 mg/L appeared optimal. Vitamin E at 1000 mg/L was not effective. Vegetative bud burst occurred in mid-May and shoot elongation ended in late June. Needle primordia were visible on the apices of newly formed buds at the end of June. Reproductive buds had fewer bud scales than vegetative buds. It appeared that potential reproductive buds terminated their bud scale initiation earlier. Gibberellin A4/7 application to promote seed-cone production should be carried out before bud-type differentiation. This coincides with the end of lateral shoot elongation.

TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE HALL EFFECT IN La2−xSrxCuO4 AND ABa2Cu3O7 (A=Y, Gd) HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS

1987 ◽  
Vol 01 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 1067-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Petravić ◽  
A. Hamzić ◽  
B. Leontić ◽  
L. Forró
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Hall Effect ◽  
Normal State ◽  
High Temperature Superconductors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hall Constant ◽  
High Temperature Superconducting ◽  
Superconducting Ceramics ◽  
Hall Effect Measurements

We present Hall effect measurements in the normal state of the high temperature superconducting ceramics La2−xSrxCuO4 (x=0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3), YBa2Cu3o7 and GdBa2Cu3O7 . The first family has temperature independent Hall constant for x>0, while in the other two systems RH is proportional to 1/T. From the Hall effect it follows that the transport in these compounds is hole-like.

Monoclinic-to-orthorhombic phase transition in Cu2(AsO4)(OH) olivenite at high temperature: strain and mode decomposition analyses

2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena C. Tarantino ◽  
Michele Zema ◽  
Athos M. Callegari ◽  
Massimo Boiocchi ◽  
Michael A. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Monoclinic Phase ◽  
Orthorhombic Phase ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unit Cell Parameters ◽  
Cell Parameters

ABSTRACTA natural olivenite single crystal was submitted to in situ high-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction from room temperature (RT) to 500°C. Unit-cell parameters were measured at regular intervals of 25°C, and complete datasets collected at T = 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400 and 500°C. Evolution of unit-cell parameters and structure refinements indicates that olivenite undergoes a structural phase transition from P21/n to Pnnm at ~200°C, and eventually becomes isostructural with the other members of the olivenite-mineral group. Volume expansion with temperature is larger in the monoclinic phase – where it follows a non-linear trend – than in the orthorhombic one. Axial and volume expansion coefficients of the orthorhombic olivenite phase are positive and linear and similar to those of the other Cu-bearing member of the mineral family, namely libethenite, but rather different from those of the Zn-analogue arsenate adamite.Distortion of Cu polyhedra is quite high in the olivenite monoclinic phase at RT and goes towards a relative regularization with increasing T until the phase transition occurs. In the orthorhombic phase, no significant variation of the polyhedral distortion parameters is observed with increasing temperature, and maximum expansion is along the b direction and governed by corner-sharing. Landau potential provides a good representation of the macroscopic changes associated with the phase transition, coupling between the strains and the order parameter is responsible for the nearly tricritical character of the transition.

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