Effects of stock type and site preparation on growth to crown closure of white spruce and lodgepole pine

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Thomson ◽  
Robert G. McMinn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Stock Types ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Crown Closure

Growth of white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) and lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) seedlings was studied on six installations, each containing different stock types and site-preparation treatments. Stock types included styroplugs from different cavity sizes, bare-root stock, and transplant stock; site preparations included no treatment, scalping, inverting, and mixing. Fertilizer was also used in combination with some of these treatments on some installations. Site-preparation treatments that gave some degree of vegetation control generally led to higher growth rates, but there was considerable variability among and within installations. The slope of the linear relationship of height versus age up to 10 years gave an estimate of early growth which was suitable for comparing treatments, whereas average height increment in a later measurement period gave a better estimate of growth for projection purposes. A normal distribution of growth rates around a mean for a particular stock type and site-preparation method was used in conjunction with height–dbh and crown width–dbh relationships to project growth of trees to crown closure, assuming different densities. The age at crown closure depended on both growth rate and density, and average size at crown closure depended primarily on density.

Height growth rates of young white spruce and lodgepole pine

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Thomson ◽  
Robert G. McMinn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Stock Types ◽  
Underlying Soil ◽  
Measurement Period ◽  
Pronounced Peak

Growth of different stock types of white spruce and lodgepole pine were compared on untreated sites and sites treated by scalping, where the surface soil and vegetation had been removed by bulldozing; mixing, where the vegetation had been incorporated into the underlying soil; and clipping, where the vegetation was clipped. Height increments varied with measurement period but had a pronounced peak around age 9. The slope of the linear regression of height versus age up to 10 years gave estimates of average annual growth rates which were used to compare stock type and treatment effects. The growth rate of a tree of a particular size at the time of the first measurement after outplanting could not be predicted with confidence. However, the pattern of growth rates in a stock type of a species subjected to a particular site treatment exhibited characteristics that could be used to differentiate species, stock, and site-treatment effects. In white spruce, there was a tendency for growth rate to be related to size at first measurement, though with high variability around the trend. In lodgepole pine, growth rate was independent of tree size at first measurement, and showed less variability.

Survival and growth response of white spruce stock types to site preparation in Alaska

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 793-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Youngblood ◽  
Elizabeth Cole ◽  
Michael Newton
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Stock Types ◽  
Bare Root

To identify suitable methods for reforestation, we evaluated the interacting effects of past disturbance, stock types, and site preparation treatments on white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedling survival and growth across a range of sites in Alaska. Replicated experiments were established in five regions. At each site, two complete installations differed in time since disturbance: “new” units were harvested immediately before spring planting and “old” units were harvested at least 3 years before planting. We compared mechanical scarification before planting, broadcast herbicide application during the fall before planting, and no site preparation with 1-year-old container-grown seedlings from two sources, 2-year-old bare-root transplants from two sources, and 3-year-old bare-root transplants. Seedlings were followed for 11 years on most sites. Based on meta-analyses, seedling survival increased 10% with herbicide application and 15% with mechanical scarification compared with no site preparation. Scarification and herbicide application increased seedling height by about 28% and 35%, respectively, and increased seedling volume by about 86% and 195%, respectively, compared with no site preparation. Soil temperature did not differ among site preparation methods after the first 7 years. Results suggest that white spruce stands may be successfully restored through a combination of vegetation control and use of quality planting stock.

Effects of climate on growth of lodgepole pine and white spruce following site preparation and its implications in a changing climate

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Cortini ◽  
Philip G. Comeau ◽  
Jacob O. Boateng ◽  
Lorne Bedford ◽  
John McClarnon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Boreal Zone ◽  
Vegetation Control

Site preparation and vegetation control can be used to mitigate climate change effects on early plantation growth in boreal forests. In this study, we explored growth of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) and white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in relation to climate and site preparation using 20 years of data collected from studies in British Columbia. Results indicate that up to 45% of the variation in spruce growth and up to 37% of the variation in pine growth over this 20-year period can be explained by selected climatic variables. Monthly climate variables showed a stronger relationship to conifer growth than seasonal and annual variables. Climate variables related to the preceding year accounted for more than half of the variables in the final equations, indicating a lagged response in conifer growth. Future projections indicated that height growth of young lodgepole pine plantations in the sub-boreal zone could benefit (in the short term) from longer growing seasons by up to 12% on untreated stands. Untreated young white spruce plantations in the boreal zone may suffer height growth decreases of up to 10% due to increased drought stress. Vegetation control and mechanical site preparation treatments appear to mitigate effects of climate change to some extent.

scholarly journals Lodgepole Pine and White Spruce Establishment After Glyphosate and Fertilizer Treatments of Grassy Cutover Forest Land.

1979 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 102-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Blackmore ◽  
Wm. G. Corns
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Calamagrostis Canadensis ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
One Year ◽  
Spring Planting

Perennial herbaceous vegetation, mainly marsh reed grass, (Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx) Beauv.), was sprayed with glyphosate on the day before planting one-year-old plugs of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) on cutover forest land north of Edson, Alberta. Spraying at 4.5 kg ai/ha, included spot and strip applications in June 1976, compared with unsprayed scalps and controls. At the same time, all treatments were repeated plus a 9 g, 22-8-2 fertilizer tablet for each seedling. Another experiment at the same site, begun on August 1, 1976, compared scalp, unfertilized control and glyphosate strip treatments, followed by planting of pine seedlings the day after spraying 4.5 kg ai/ha glyphosate. An adjacent experiment, also commenced on August 1, included dosages of 1.1 to 5.6 kg ai/ha with planting of pine seedlings in 4.5 kg/ha and in control plots in May 1977. August application of 2.2 kg/ha provided excellent initial vegetation control, as effective as the larger amounts applied at that time, and was superior during the first 12 months to 4.5 kg/ha applied in June. Twenty-six months after the spring planting new shoot growth of fertilized pine in the glyphosate strips was statistically significantly greater than that for all other treatments and growth in fertilized scalps was also very good. At the same time leader growth of spruce in fertilized scalps was significantly greater than that for other treatments but growth in glyphosate strips did not exceed that of unfertilized controls. Contrary to results of spring planting, there was marked injury and mortality of pine planted in August in glyphosate plots which had been sprayed on the preceding day. Seedlings planted in glyphosate-treated strips nine months after the August spraying exceeded the growth of control plants but not until the year after they were planted.

scholarly journals Site preparation severity influences lodgepole pine plant community composition, diversity, and succession over 25 years

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1659-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybille Haeussler ◽  
Torsten Kaffanke ◽  
Jacob O. Boateng ◽  
John McClarnon ◽  
Lorne Bedford
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Plant Community Composition ◽  
Alternate Hosts ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Crown Closure

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) ecosystems of central British Columbia face cumulative stresses, and management practices are increasingly scrutinized. We addressed trade-offs between “light-on-the-land” versus more aggressive silvicultural approaches by examining plant communities and indicator species (non-natives, berry producers, epiphytes, mycotrophs, pine rust alternate hosts) across a gradient of five or six site preparation treatments at the Bednesti trial (established 1987). We tested whether more severe site preparation (i) caused plant community composition to diverge from a 35- to 46-year-old reference forest, (ii) accelerated succession by hastening crown closure, or (iii) delayed succession by promoting seral species. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination showed all treatments converging toward the reference forest composition. At 10 years, succession was incrementally delayed by more severe treatments; at 25 years, only burned windrows were still delayed. Mixed-effects models based on site preparation severity were better than crown closure models for 11 of 13 variables tested, suggesting that mostly belowground processes drive succession in these infertile ecosystems. Invasive hawkweeds persisted on all treatments at 25 years. Limited, contradictory data did not support using mechanical or fire treatments to reduce alternate hosts of pine stem rusts. Long-term trials such as Bednesti highlight the need for ecosystem-specific strategies and diverse approaches to accommodate conflicting benefits and risks of disturbance in forests.

Regeneration alternatives for upland white spruce after burning and logging in interior Alaska

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
R V Densmore ◽  
G P Juday ◽  
J C Zasada
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Interior Alaska

Site-preparation and regeneration methods for white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) were tested near Fairbanks, Alaska, on two upland sites which had been burned in a wildfire and salvage logged. After 5 and 10 years, white spruce regeneration did not differ among the four scarification methods but tended to be lower without scarification. Survival of container-grown planted seedlings stabilized after 3 years at 93% with scarification and at 76% without scarification. Broadcast seeding was also successful, with one or more seedlings on 80% of the scarified 6-m2 subplots and on 60% of the unscarified subplots after 12 years. Natural regeneration after 12 years exceeded expectations, with seedlings on 50% of the 6-m2 subplots 150 m from a seed source and on 28% of the subplots 230 m from a seed source. After 5 years, 37% of the scarified unsheltered seed spots and 52% of the scarified seed spots with cone shelters had one or more seedlings, but only 16% of the unscarified seed spots had seedlings, with and without funnel shelters. Growth rates for all seedlings were higher than on similar unburned sites. The results show positive effects of burning in interior Alaska, and suggest planting seedlings, broadcast seeding, and natural seedfall, alone or in combination, as viable options for similar sites.

Black spruce outplant performance: effect of winter application of hexazinone on shear-bladed sites in boreal Ontario

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1541-1548 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Wood ◽  
F. W. von Althen ◽  
R. A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Response Models ◽  
Performance Effect ◽  
Assessment Period ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Stock Types

Three field experiments were carried out to assess the performance of 1.5 + 1.5 black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) transplants and FH508 Japanese paperpot seedlings in relation to various levels of chemical site preparation with Pronone® (granular hexazinone) applied during the winter to 4700 trees on shear-bladed, imperfectly drained stone-free clay and clay loam soils. Second- and 3rd-year assessments revealed that both stock types responded similarly to chemical site preparation. Growth data were fitted to linear and, where appropriate, quadratic response models. The response of planted seedlings was positive and generally linear over the range of dosages (0 to 6 kg active ingredient/ha) applied. Chemical site preparation had little or no effect on survival of either stock type. In comparison with the transplants, the paperpot seedlings were in better condition and were of a similar size at the end of the assessment period.

Early growth of planted western hemlock in relation to stock type and controlled-release fertilizer application

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 710-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Arnott ◽  
A. N. Burdett
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
The Third ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Stock Types

Four types of western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) nursery stock, differing in size, morphology, and root growth capacity were planted on a clear-cut forest site on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The stock types were: (i) 1-year-old, plug-rooted seedlings raised in 36-cm3 containers; (ii) as (i) but transplanted to a bareroot nursery for 1 year; (iii) 1-year-old, bareroot seedlings raised in 1000-cm3 containers; (iv) as (iii) but raised in containers coated on the inside with copper paint to inhibit lateral root elongation upon contact with the container wall. Survival and growth of seedlings with and without fertilization at planting with 50 g of a slow-release (Nutricote®, 12-month release at 25 °C) N–P–K fertilizer were observed for 3 years. Neither stock type nor fertilizer had a statistically significant (P < 0.05) effect on seedling survival. At planting, plug seedlings were significantly (P < 0.01) shorter and smaller in stem volume than the other stock types. These differences were no longer evident by the end of the third growing season because of more rapid growth by the plug stock. The largest differences between the plugs and the other stock types in height and diameter relative growth rates occurred during the first growing season. Fertilization significantly (P < 0.01) increased height and stem volume relative growth rates of all stock types during the first growing season. During the third growing season fertilization had a significant (P < 0.01) negative effect on height, and diameter and stem volume relative growth rates of all stock types, but not on absolute rates. At the end of three growing seasons, fertilized trees remained significantly (P < 0.01) larger in all stock types than in the controls.

Establishment of white spruce and black spruce in Boreal Ontario: Effects of chemical site preparation and post-planting weed control

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 554-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E Wood ◽  
F. W. von Althen
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Chemical Release ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Difference

Five-year results of a field experiment to evaluate the effects of vegetation control either before or after planting on the performance of planted white spruce (Piceaglauca [Moench] Voss) and black spruce (P. mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) transplants and black spruce containerized seedlings are reported. Annual vegetation control with and without chemical site preparation significantly (P < 0.05) improved height growth, ground-level stem diameter, and health of the planted seedlings. Survival and seedling growth were significantly (P < 0.05) higher with chemical site preparation than with chemical release in August of the year after planting. From the beginning of June to the first half of August, soil temperatures were higher in the plots with no competing vegetation than in the control plots. The difference in temperature reached a maximum of 5 °C at 5 cm of depth and 4 °C at 12 cm of depth. Key words: black spruce, chemical site preparation, glyphosate, growth response, Picea glauca, Picea mariana, release, tending, vegetation management, weed control, white spruce

scholarly journals Yield Implications of Site Preparation Treatments for Lodgepole Pine and White Spruce in Northern British Columbia

Forests ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Cortini ◽  
Philip G. Comeau ◽  
Jacob O. Boateng ◽  
Lorne Bedford
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Site Preparation
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