Propagation of interior spruce by somatic embryogenesis

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1759-1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Webster ◽  
D. R. Roberts ◽  
S. M. McInnis ◽  
B. C. S. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Final Height ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
General Production

To apply somatic embryogenesis to clonal propagation of forest species, the technique must be applicable to a broad range of genotypes and allow efficient regeneration of phenotypically normal plants. Seventy-one lines (genotypes) of embryogenic cultures from six open-pollinated families were obtained by culturing immature embryos of interior spruce. Interior spruce represents a mixture of two closely related species, Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss and Piceaengelmannii Parry, from the interior of British Columbia where they hydridize with one another. The abscisic acid dependent developmental profile (the proportion of rooty embryos, shooty embryos, precociously germinating embryos, and mature embryos over a range of abscisic acid concentrations) differed among genotypes, but in general, production of mature somatic embryos was highest at 40 and 60 μM abscisic acid. Treatment of mature embryos with a high relative humidity treatment resulted in partial drying of the embryos and upon rehydration, markedly enhanced germination of the eight genotypes tested. Within 1 week of being placed under germination conditions, somatic embryos treated with the high relative humidity treatment showed 80–100% germination for 12 of the genotypes, and most genotypes had germination rates of greater than 40%. Survival of "emblings" (germinants from somatic embryos) following transfer to soil, acclimatization, and first season's growth in the nursery was 80% or greater for most genotypes. Over 1200 emblings were tested for nursery performance, representing the first large-scale evaluation of conifer somatic embryos under exvitro conditions. Growth rates, final height, shoot and root morphology, and frost hardiness were similar for emblings and seedlings following the first growing season. These results indicate that somatic embryogenesis can be used for the production of planting stock for a range of interior spruce genotypes.

Synchronous and high frequency germination of interior spruce somatic embryos following partial drying at high relative humidity

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1086-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Roberts ◽  
B. C. S. Sutton ◽  
B. S. Flinn
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
Half Strength ◽  
Abnormal Pattern ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Water Saturated

The germination of mature somatic embryos of interior spruce was limited by the low frequency of root emergence. In addition, development was abnormal, since elongation and greening of the hypocotyl and cotyledons preceded root emergence by 1–2 weeks. Pretreatment of the embryos on water-saturated Kim-paks increased the frequency of root emergence but did not alter the abnormal pattern of germination. Somatic embryos do not survive desiccation at room humidity, but partial drying at high humidity promoted germination up to 90%. Furthermore, this treatment decreased the time required for root emergence such that elongation of the root and hypocotyl–cotyledon was synchronized over a period of 5–6 days. This germination closely resembled that of excised zygotic embryos. Drying over a range of humidities indicated that humidities of 81% and lower were lethal to the embryos, whereas germination was enhanced following treatment at humidities greater than 95% relative to untreated controls. The best germination and root elongation occurred on one-half strength basal media containing 2–3.4% sucrose. Of the plantlets derived from treated embryos, 50% survived transfer to soil compared with only 5% of the untreated controls. Key words: conifers, desiccation, germination, high relative humidity, partial drying, somatic embryogenesis, spruce.

scholarly journals Influence of Abscisic Acid and Sucrose on Somatic Embryogenesis in CactusCopiapoa tenuissimaRitt. formamostruosa

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lema-Rumińska ◽  
K. Goncerzewicz ◽  
M. Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Direct Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Globular Stage ◽  
Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis

Having produced the embryos of cactusCopiapoa tenuissimaRitt. formamonstruosaat the globular stage and callus, we investigated the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) in the following concentrations: 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM on successive stages of direct (DSE) and indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE). In the indirect somatic embryogenesis process we also investigated a combined effect of ABA (0, 0.1, 1 μM) and sucrose (1, 3, 5%). The results showed that a low concentration of ABA (0-1 μM) stimulates the elongation of embryos at the globular stage and the number of correct embryos in direct somatic embryogenesis, while a high ABA concentration (10–100 μM) results in growth inhibition and turgor pressure loss of somatic embryos. The indirect somatic embryogenesis study in this cactus suggests that lower ABA concentrations enhance the increase in calli fresh weight, while a high concentration of 10 μM ABA or more changes calli color and decreases its proliferation rate. However, in the case of indirect somatic embryogenesis, ABA had no effect on the number of somatic embryos and their maturation. Nevertheless, we found a positive effect of sucrose concentration for both the number of somatic embryos and the increase in calli fresh weight.

scholarly journals In vitro ROOTING OF TENERA HYBRID OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) PLANTS1

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlúcia Souza Pádua ◽  
Raíssa Silveira Santos ◽  
Luciano Vilela Paiva ◽  
Vanessa Cristina Stein ◽  
Luciano Coutinho Silva
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Indole Butyric Acid

ABSTRACT Oil palm is a woody monocot of economic importance due to high oil production from its fruits. Currently, the conventional method most used to propagate oil palm is seed germination, but success is limited by long time requirements and low germination percentage. An alternative for large-scale propagation of oil palm is the biotechnological technique of somatic embryogenesis. The rooting of plants germinated from somatic embryos is a difficult step, yet it is of great importance for later acclimatization and success in propagation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the auxins indole acetic acid (IAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA) on the rooting of somatic embryos of Tenera hybrid oil palm. Plants obtained by somatic embryogenesis were inoculated in modified MS medium with 10% sucrose and 0.6% agar and supplemented with IAA or IBA at concentrations of 5 µM, 10 µM, and 15 µM, and the absence of growth regulators. After 120 days, the presence of roots, root type, length of the longest root, number of roots, number of leaves, and shoot length were analyzed. Growth regulators were favorable to rooting; plants cultivated with IBA growth regulator at 15 µM showed higher rooting percentage (87%) and better results for the parameters of number of roots (1.33) and shoot length (9.83).

COCOSYS and ASTEC Analyses of Iodine Multi-Compartment Tests in the ThAI-Facility

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Weber ◽  
H.-J. Allelein ◽  
F. Funke ◽  
T. Kanzleiter
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
Severe Accident ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Steel Surfaces ◽  
Accident Conditions ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Desorption Model

Post test calculations with the accident codes COCOSYS-AIM and ASTEC-IODE were performed on the iodine multi-compartment tests of the German ThAI program (Thermal hydraulics, Aerosols, Iodine). In the tests transport and adsorption/desorption behavior of gaseous I2 were measured in the 60 m3 vessel with a five-compartment configuration under severe accident conditions. The thermal hydraulic modules in COCOSYS and in the containment part of ASTEC (CPA) are nearly identical but not the iodine modules AIM and IODE. The adsorption/desorption model in AIM is based on ThAI data whereas in IODE correlations derived from laboratory-scale tests are used. A 50-zone nodalisation of the ThAI vessel was used with both codes. COCOSYS-AIM and ASTEC-IODE describe qualitatively correctly the I2 concentration differences of several orders of magnitude in periods with stratified atmosphere and the slow homogenization in a convective mixed atmosphere. However, both codes overestimate the gaseous I2 concentration at high relative humidity. The most likely reason is a slow reaction of deposited I2 to the non-volatile FeI2 on the steel surfaces, which has not been modeled sufficiently yet. Further experimental investigations in the ThAI facility are envisaged. A considering of the ThAI data in the I2 adsorption/desorption correlations may improve future ASTEC-IODE results. Nevertheless, the analyses of the large-scale ThAI iodine tests have been an important validation step for COCOSYS-AIM and ASTEC-IODE demonstrating the capability of multi-compartment I2 treatment.

scholarly journals High Efficiency Secondary Somatic Embryogenesis inHovenia dulcisThunb. through Solid and Liquid Cultures

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingli Yang ◽  
Songquan Wu ◽  
Chenghao Li
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Secondary Embryogenesis ◽  
Secondary Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Liquid Cultures ◽  
Medicinal Tree ◽  
Plant Conversion

Embryogenic callus was obtained from mature seed explants on medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Primary somatic embryos (SEs) can only develop into abnormal plants. Well-developed SEs could be obtained through secondary somatic embryogenesis both in solid and liquid cultures. Temperature strongly affected induction frequency of secondary embryogenesis. Relatively high temperature (30∘C) and germinated SEs explants were effective for induction of secondary somatic embryos, and low temperature (20∘C) was more suitable for further embryo development, plantlet conversion, and transplant survival. Somatic embryos formed on agar medium had larger cotyledons than those of embryos formed in liquid medium. Supplementing 0.1 mg L−16-benzyladenine (BA) was effective for plant conversion; the rate of plant conversion was 43.3% in somatic embryos from solid culture and 36.5% in embryos from liquid culture.In vitroplants were successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse. The protocol established in this study will be helpful for large-scale vegetative propagation of this medicinal tree.

Abscisic acid and indole-3-butyric acid regulation of maturation and accumulation of storage proteins in somatic embryos of interior spruce

1990 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dane R. Roberts ◽  
Barry S. Flinn ◽  
David T. Webb ◽  
Fiona B. Webster ◽  
Ben C. S. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Interior Spruce

scholarly journals Changes in biochemistry and histochemical characteristics during somatic embryogenesis in Ormosia henryi Prain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaoyin Wu ◽  
Xiaoli Wei ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Xian Liang ◽  
Yi Wei
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Endogenous Hormones ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
Protein Granules

ABSTRACTMature embryos were used as an explant for embryogenic callus (EC) induction, and then EC was further developed to form somatic embryos during somatic embryogenesis (SE) of Ormosia henryi Prain; however, some mature embryos could induced non-embryogenic callus (NEC), browning callus (BC) or snowflake callus (SC). These phenomena might be related to the biochemical and histochemical differences during somatic embryo induction. The present study was conducted to analyze the biochemical events and histochemical changes at different SE stages in 0. henryi. The contents of soluble sugar, starch, soluble protein, H2O2, and endogenous hormones and the activities of polyphenoloxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were measured at different SE stages, such as EC, globular embryo (GE), and cotyledon embryo (CE), and in abnormal tissue, such as NEC, BC, and SC. The results showed that the contents of soluble sugar and starch; the activities of PPO, SOD, APX and POD; and the ratios of indole-3-acetic acid/abscisic acid (IAA/ABA), IAA/gibberellins (IAA/GAs), auxin /GAs (AUX/GAs), and AUX/ABA decreased gradually at different SE stages. In contrast, the contents of soluble protein, H2O2, all endogenous hormones gradually increased. However, CAT activity and the ratios of IAA/cytokinins (IAA/CKs), AUX/CKs, ABA/CKs, and GAs/CKs first increased and then decreased. The high contents of GAs and ABA, high ratios of ABA/CKs and GAs/CKs and low ratios of IAA/ABA, IAA/GAs, AUX/GAs and AUX/ABA were responsible for the inability of the callus to form EC. The low enzyme activities, low contents of energy substances and H2O2 were related to NEC formation. The high contents of soluble sugar, H2O2, AUX, CKs and PPO activity and the low content of soluble protein were the basic causes of BC formation. The high-energy substances contents and low activities of SOD and POD facilitated SC formation. Histochemical observation showed that starch granule staining gradually lightened with SE development, but protein granules were darkly stained. Compared with EC, starch and protein granules were stained darker in SC, and lighter in NEC and BC. These results showed that energy substances were the material basis of SE, which affected enzyme activities, regulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, and thus regulated the morphogenesis and development of somatic embryos. In addition, the contents and ratios of endogenous hormones affected the dedifferentiation, dedifferentiation and embryogenesis of somatic cells. To induce EC from mature embryos and further develop their formation into somatic embryos, it is necessary to adjust the energy supply and hormone ratio in the medium.One-sentence summarySomatic embryogenesis and abnormal callus tissues formation of Ormosia henryi Prain were associated with energy substances, reactive oxygen species, enzyme activities and endogenous hormones, as well as histochemical characteristics.

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