Scots pine needles as bioindicators of sulphur deposition

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1559-1569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirkku Manninen ◽  
Satu Huttunen
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
United Nations Economic Commission ◽  
Sulphur Deposition ◽  
Needle Age ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
Surface Waxes

The ranges of total S content in the two youngest needle age-classes of Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) in the vicinity of an oil refinery were 1120–2267 μg•g−1 in December 1980, 902–2003 μg•g−1 in January 1986, and 1120–1820 μg•g−1 in December 1989, and annual mean SO2 concentrations were 20–68, 14–34, and 2–32 μg•m−3, respectively. A statistically significant correlation (p < 0.001) was found between needle total S content and the estimated SO2 load, i.e., the total monthly mean SO2 concentrations (r = 0.815) and the highest or second highest daily SO2 concentrations of each month (r = 0.910 or 0.849). It seems that, under conditions of SO2 pollution stress, the needle S content is greatly affected by the high short-term (24 h) SO2 concentrations and newly flushed young needles may absorb S very effectively. The erosion of needle surface waxes typical of areas polluted by SO2 and particle emissions was observed. The results indicate that in areas where the climate is similar to that in southern Finland, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe draft critical levels of 70 μg SO2•m−3 as a daily mean and 20 μg SO2•m−3 as an annual and winter mean, especially in combination with other air pollutants, may result in enhanced S accumulation and needle damage.

scholarly journals Needle longevity as a criterion of response to a climatic fluctuation (so called heat wave) in Scots pine populations at early phases of ontogeny

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Nárovec ◽  
J. Nárovcová
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Needle Age ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Dry Spells ◽  
Needle Longevity ◽  
Reproduction Period ◽  
The Impact

The paper presents results of an assessment of needle age classes in Scots pine partial populations in the period of three and five years after outplanting in a lowland site in relation to conditions created by climatic elements. The method is based on Skuhrav&yacute;&rsquo;s (1987) description when the state of needle age classes of the third whorl (from the apex) is evaluated just once. Five-year summary of meteorological data was assessed according to the criteria of determination of periods of heat waves and dry spells. Differences in numbers of living needle age classes in the groups of Scots pine populations in the period of three and five years after their outplanting in permanent lowland sites proved the highest total number of living needle classes in the group of local lowland populations. On the contrary, the lowest total number of living needle classes was found out in the group of mountain populations. Critical climatic periods are overlaps of heat waves and dry spells that illustrate the complexity of moisture and temperature conditions of lowland sites. Although the Scots pine is a xerophytic species, it responded to the cumulation of adverse factors by accelerated needle senescence. Its physiological response to heat and dry stress consists in needle shedding, i.e. reduction in the assimilating area. As mountain populations are not usually exposed to heat waves, the impact of this phenomenon on them was the highest. On the other hand, the local (lowland) populations carrying information on the patterns of local climate from the reproduction period do not undergo any marked reduction in needle age classes. &nbsp;

scholarly journals The impact of long- and short-term exposure to different ambient air pollutants on cognitive function in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 106416
Author(s):  
Huaxi Gao ◽  
Jieran Shi ◽  
Hongguang Cheng ◽  
Yaqin Zhang ◽  
Yan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ambient Air Pollutants ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Asymmetric Double Freeform Surface Lens for Integrated LED Automobile Headlamp

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 663
Author(s):  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Dengfei Liu ◽  
Yinwan Wei ◽  
Hong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Optical System ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Chromatic Dispersion ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Color Temperature ◽  
Freeform Surface ◽  
United Nations Economic Commission ◽  
System A ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
Key Points

We propose a design method of asymmetric double freeform surface lens for an integrated LED automobile headlamp and develop an integrated LED automobile optical system. A single asymmetric double freeform surface lens is designed to redistribute rays emitting from the light source for realizing both low and high beams. Moreover, a freeform surface reflector is used to improve the energy efficiency of high beams. The prism placed in the optical path can suppress chromatic dispersion on the edge of the target plane. Simulation and experimental results show that the illumination values and color temperature of the key points can fully meet the requirements of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe vehicle regulations (ECE) R112, 48, and 128. The volume of the whole optical system comprised of freeform surface elements is smaller than that of the low beam system of a traditional headlamp, resulting in saved space, in which other electronic devices can be installed for the safety of the driver, which indicates that the proposed method is practical in the field of automobile lighting.

Effects of potassium deficiency and simulated acid rain, alone and in combination, on the ultrastructure of Scots pine needles

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1402-1411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toini Holopainen ◽  
Pekka Nygren
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Potassium Deficiency ◽  
Simulated Acid Rain ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Resting Period ◽  
Lipid Structures ◽  
Parenchyma Tissue

The effects of potassium deficiency and artificial acid precipitation, alone and in combination, on Scots pine (Pinussilvestris L.) needles were studied using transmission electron microscopy. The seedling material was grown in quartz sand culture and watered with nutrient solution containing 45, 20, 10, or 5 mg of potassium/L; the concentration of other nutrients was constant and equally available for all seedlings. A portion of the seedlings from each group received consecutive acidified water spraying of pH 4.5, 4.0, 3.5, and 3.0, each for 4 days with a 3-day resting period between applications. The potassium deficiency caused an increase in the proportional vacuolar space and severe vesiculation of the tonoplast. Irregularly shaped lipid structures increased in number in the cytoplasm, and lipid bodies also appeared in the vacuoles and occasionally in the chloroplasts. The symptoms related to potassium deficiency were more severe in the transfusion parenchyma cells than in the mesophyll. The lowest level of potassium produced almost complete disorganization of the cellular structures in the transfusion parenchyma tissue, but severe changes were also seen in the mesophyll. The simulated acid rain treatment caused the formation of protrusions in the chloroplasts and an increase in irregularly shaped lipid structures in the cytoplasm throughout the mesophyll tissue, but no clear symptoms were observed inside the bundle sheath. In general, the changes caused by acid rain in the chloroplasts were slight and did not cause serious disorganization of these organelles. When the seedlings were exposed to combination treatment, the typical symptoms of both exposures were observable. The results suggest that the stresses caused by potassium deficiency and short-term foliar acid rain treatment can be distinguished in the needle ultrastructure.

scholarly journals Short-Term Effects of Ambient Air Pollution On Daily Emergency Room Visits for Abdominal Pain: A Time-Series Study in Wuhan, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaqi Liu ◽  
Yi Jiang ◽  
Manyi Wu ◽  
Sunghar Muheyat ◽  
Dongai Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Emergency Room Visits ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Time Series Study ◽  
Series Study

Abstract Background There are few studies focused on the correlations between ambient air pollution and abdominal pain, especially in emergency departments in China. Method: Daily data (from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2018), including air pollution concentration (SO2, NO2, PM2.5, PM10, CO, and O3) and meteorological variables, for daily emergency room visits (ERVs) were collected in Wuhan, China. We conducted a time-series study to investigate the potential correlation between six ambient air pollutants and ERVs for abdominal pain and their effects, in different genders, ages and seasons. Results A total of 16,306 abdominal pain ERVs were identified during the study period. A 10-µg/m3 increase in concentration of SO2, NO2, PM2.5, PM10, CO, and O3 corresponded respectively to incremental increases in abdominal pain of 6.12% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.44-13.12), 1.65% (95%CI: -0.25-3.59), 1.12% (95%CI: -0.18-2.44), 0.38% (95%CI: -1.09-1.87), 9.87% (95%CI:3.14–17.05) and 1.11% (95%CI: 0.03–2.21). We observed significant correlations between CO and O3 and daily abdominal pain ERVs increase, and positive but insignificant correlations between the other pollutants and ERVs. The effects were stronger mainly for females (especially SO2 and O3) and younger people (especially CO and O3). The correlations of PM2.5 and PM10 were stronger in cool seasons, while the correlation of CO was stronger in warm seasons. Conclusion Our time-series study suggested that short-term exposure to air pollution (especially CO and O3) was positively correlated with ERVs for abdominal pain in Wuhan, China, and that their effects varied by season, gender and age. These data can add evidence on how air pollutants affect the human body, and may prompt hospitals to take specific precautions on polluted days and maintain order in emergency departments made busier due to the pollution.

Haile Selassie's Imperial Modernity: Expatriate Architects and the Shaping of Addis Ababa

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayala Levin
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
African Unity ◽  
United Nations Economic Commission ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
Organization Of African Unity ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

In the 1960s, Addis Ababa experienced a construction boom, spurred by its new international stature as the seat of both the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and the Organization of African Unity. Working closely with Emperor Haile Selassie, expatriate architects played a major role in shaping the Ethiopian capital as a symbol of an African modernity in continuity with tradition. Haile Selassie's Imperial Modernity: Expatriate Architects and the Shaping of Addis Ababa examines how a distinct Ethiopian modernity was negotiated through various borrowings from the past, including Italian colonial planning, both at the scale of the individual building and at the scale of the city. Focusing on public buildings designed by Italian Eritrean Arturo Mezzedimi, French Henri Chomette, and the partnership of Israeli Zalman Enav and Ethiopian Michael Tedros, Ayala Levin critically explores how international architects confronted the challenges of mediating Haile Selassie's vision of an imperial modernity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document