Woody and herbaceous competition effects on stand dynamics and growth of 13-year-old natural, precommercially thinned loblolly and shortleaf pines

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 947-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D Cain
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Stand Dynamics ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Competition Control ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Stand dynamics of naturally regenerated, even-aged, loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pines (P. echinata Mill.) were examined on the Upper Coastal Plain of southeastern Arkansas, U.S.A., following four levels of competition control. Treatments included a check (Ck) with no competition control, woody control (WC), herbaceous control (HC), and total control (TC) of nonpine vegetation. After pines became established from natural seeding, herbicides were used to control herbaceous plants for four consecutive years and woody plants for five consecutive years. At age five, 1235 crop pines/ha were retained and all noncrop pines >1.5 m tall were precommercially hand thinned. Although 93% of crop pines on Ck plots were judged free-to-grow 13 years after establishment, crop pines on vegetation control plots were larger (P [Formula: see text] 0.001) in mean diameter at breast height, total height, and volume per tree. From age 5 through 13 years, crop pine diameter growth increased on WC plots and decreased on HC plots because of hardwood competition in the latter treatment. At age 13, mean pine volume production was 48% greater (P < 0.01) on plots that received competition control than on Ck plots (160 m3·ha-1); TC resulted in 31% more (P < 0.01) volume (282 m3·ha-1) than the mean of WC and HC plots; and there was no difference (P = 0.15) between the latter two treatments.

The Influence of Woody and Herbaceous Competition on Early Growth of Naturally Regenerated Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Cain
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Herbaceous Plants ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Competition Control ◽  
Total Control ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Four levels of competition control were used to study the response of naturally regenerated loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill.) in southern Arkansas. Treatments included: (1) Check (no competition control), (2) woody competition control, (3) herbaceous competition control, and (4) total control of nonpine vegetation. Herbaceous plants were controlled for 4 consecutive years, and woody plants were controlled for 5 years. Control of herbaceous vegetation resulted in significant increases in pine height, groundline diameter (GLD), and volume per tree. Control of only woody competition did not improve pine growth compared to untreated checks. After 5 years, pines on total control plots had significantly larger GLDs and significantly more volume per tree compared to pines on any other treatment. Pine growth gains were achieved with herbaceous competition control and total control of nonpine vegetation although these two treatments averaged 4,000 more pines/ac, in trees taller than 5 ft, than the other two treatments. Results of this investigation represent a unique standard of pine growth to which operational treatments might be compared. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):179-185.

Response of Newly Planted Loblolly Pines to Herbicide and Nitrogen

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. McKee ◽  
Larry P. Wilhite
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Atlantic Coastal Plain ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Seedling Biomass ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Atlantic Coastal

Abstract In three separate studies on the Lower Atlantic Coastal Plain, sites were sheared, root-raked, and bedded, and phosphorus was applied. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were planted, and nitrogen fertilizer and preemergence herbicide were applied at several different times. In all three studies, loblolly pine responded positively in height, diameter, and aboveground biomass to herbicide applied in the spring following planting. Responses to nitrogen application were inconsistent. A pronounced increase in growth was found in only one study. There, a nitrogen and a herbicide treatment interacted to give a three-fold increase in aboveground seedling biomass after one growing season. The lack of response to nitrogen in the other two studies may be attributable to low rainfall in the spring after planting and mineralization of native nitrogen from soil organic matter. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):33-36.

scholarly journals Effects of Early Release on Natural Versus Container Loblolly Pines 12 Years After Field Establishment

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Cain ◽  
James P. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Early Release ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Competition Control ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Genetically improved, container loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were compared to naturally established loblolly seedlings on a cutover pine site. Crop pines on 6 of 12 plots were released from woody and herbaceous competition within a 2 ft radius of each stem. On release plots, woody competition was controlled by hand-cutting for 5 consecutive yr and herbaceous competition was controlled with herbicides for 4 consecutive yr after pine establishment. Competition control increased 12 yr survival by 68 percentage points for natural pines and by 47 percentage points for planted pines. Twelve years after field establishment, mean-tree volume of planted pines was no different than that of naturally established pines. Nevertheless, volume gains of 150% to 200% were achieved within regeneration techniques as a result of release. South. J. Appl. For. 26(4):173–180.

scholarly journals Natural Loblolly and Shortleaf Pine Productivity Through 53 Years of Management under Four Reproduction Cutting Methods

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Cain ◽  
Michael G. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Forest Landowners ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Productive Method

Abstract A study was initiated in 1943 to evaluate the long-term productivity of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pines (P. echinata Mill.) when managed under four reproduction cutting methods—clearcut, heavy seedtree, diameter-limit, and selection—on the Upper Coastal Plain of southeastern Arkansas. Early volume production reflected retention of residual pines, and the clearcut was the least productive method through the first 36 yr. After 53 yr, there were no statistically significant (P = 0.07) differences among cutting methods in sawlog volume production, which averaged 3,800 ft3/ac. In terms of sawlog volume (bd ft/ac, Doyle scale), total production on clearcut, seedtree, and selection plots exceeded (P < 0.01) that on diameter-limit plots by 37%, but there were no differences in sawlog volume production among the other cutting methods. Results suggest that forest landowners should consider the advantages and disadvantages of each cutting method when planning their long-term objectives. South. J. Appl. For. 25(1):7–16.

Four-Year Growth and Development of Planted Loblolly Pine on Sites with Competition Control

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Knowe ◽  
Larry R. Nelson ◽  
Dean H. Gjerstad ◽  
Bruce R. Zutter ◽  
Glenn R. Glover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
East Central ◽  
Competition Control ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract The effects of competition on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) development during the initial 4 years of a plantation were investigated on an Upper Coastal Plain site in east-central Alabama. Height and diameter response to competition control in relation to time following treatment and amount of herbaceous competition were examined. Trees on plots receiving broadcast weed control for 2 years were twice the height and diameter of trees with no weed control after 4 years, while trees receiving banded weed control for 2 years were 1.6 times taller and 1.75 times larger in diameter. Broadcast and banded 1-year treatments were 1.4 times larger in both measures.

A Simple Competition Assessment System Associated with Intensive Competition Control in Natural Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Seedling Stands

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Cain
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Positive Growth ◽  
Competition Control ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Control Study

Abstract A simple competition assessment system was evaluated as part of an intensive competition control study in a natural, even-aged stand of loblolly-short-leaf pine (Pinus taeda L.- P. echinata Mill.) seedlings in southern Arkansas. Four levels of competition control were maintained annuallyfor 3 years as follows: (1) no competition control, (2) woody competition control, (3) herbaceous competition control, and (4) total control of nonpine vegetation. The competition assessment system is based on a correlation of total height to groundline diameter (gld) for loblolly pine seedlingsthat are less than 6 ft tall. The correlation indicated that if seedling gld's are not within + 10 mm of total seedling height (in feet) multiplied by 10, then the seedlings would most likely show a positive growth response to competition control. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):8-12.

Tolerance of Loblolly Pines to Fusiform Rust

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Walkinshaw ◽  
James P. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Infected Tree ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Natchez Trace Parkway

Abstract Loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) that were 8 to 17 yr old tolerated one to three fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shiraif sp. fusiforme) galls in their stems. Families with four or more galls in their stems lost 25% or more of the trees by age 17. In living trees with less than four stem galls, diameter growth was comparable to that of trees with no galls. Tolerance was indicated by the ability of loblolly pines to maintain the rust fungus in stems that had dbh's similarto asymptomatic trees on the same site. In plantations, the number of galls in the stem was generally one to two per infected tree. This was also true for mature trees (12 to 38 in. dbh) along the Natchez Trace Parkway. These trees have been infected with fusiform rust for nearly 100 yr. On the other hand, the presence of four or more stem galls seems to be a reliable indicator of mortality rather than tolerance. South. J. Applied For. 19 (2): 60-64.

Growth and Yield Following Four Reproduction Cutting Methods in Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands--A Case Study

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Baker ◽  
Paul A. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Land Owners ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Four reproduction cutting methods employed on an average site (S.I. = 85 to 90 feet at 50 years) in second-growth loblolly-shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.--P. echinata Mill.) in south Arkansas provided adequate pine regeneration to establish or maintain well-stocked stands. During the 36-year study period, heavy seed-tree and diameter-limit cutting methods produced significantly more cubic-foot volume than selection and clearcutting, while clearcutting resulted in significantly less board-foot (Doyle) volume. Since many trees on the clearcut areas are just now reaching sawlog size, board-foot volume production among all treatments will probably equalize as time goes on. Advantages and disadvantages of the four cutting methods for large landholders and private nonindustrial land-owners are discussed.

scholarly journals Impacts of Vegetation Control, Genetic Improvement and their Interaction on Loblolly Pine Growth in the Southern United States—Age 12 Results

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey W. Martin ◽  
Barry D. Shiver
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
Competition Control

Abstract A designed study was established in the Coastal Plain of Georgia and northern Florida, and in the Piedmont of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama with the objectives of evaluating the impacts of first-generation genetic improvement and of combining genetic improvement and vegetation control on yields of loblolly pine. The two levels of competition control were either none, other than that provided by the operational mechanical site preparation, or complete competition control. Genetic treatments consisted of unimproved seed stock, bulk lot first-generation improved stock or single family first-generation improved stock. In terms of total volume, increases up to 45% (882 ft3/ac) and 39% (863 ft3/ac) were obtained from using complete vegetation control in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions, respectively. Improved genetic stock increased total volume an average of 11% (246 ft3/ac) to 16% (364 ft3/ac) in the Coastal Plain and 12% (277 ft3/ac) to 19% (445 ft3/ac) in the Piedmont for bulk lot and single families, respectively. For total volume, the effects of competition control and genetics were additive, indicating the managers should obtain the full benefit of these two treatments. In both regions, improved genetics significantly reduced the percent fusiform infection. In addition, no statistically significant differences were detected between bulk lot and single family plantings across all dependent variables. South. J. Appl. For. 26(1):37–42.

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