Activity of in situ middle cervical ganglion neurons in dogs, using extracellular recording techniques

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 704-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Armour
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Extracellular Recording ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Recording Techniques

Neuronal activity in the in situ middle cervical ganglion of dogs was investigated using extracellular recording techniques. The recorded action potentials were frequently active during specific phases of the cardiac cycle, particularly during systole, and this activity persisted following acute decentralization of the ganglion. The activity of these action potentials was modified when systemic arterial pressure was altered by isoproterenol, noradrenaline, adrenaline, or partial occlusion of the aorta, whether in the intact or acutely decentralized preparation. These neurons were active between systolic pressures of 70 and 180 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa). Action potentials were frequently modified by mechanical distortion of the superior vena cava, ventricular epicardium, or adventitia of the aorta, whether the preparation was acutely decentralized or not. Seventy percent of these action potentials were unaffected by stimulation (1 ms, 4 V, 0.5 Hz) of a cardiopulmonary nerve and 27% were suppressed by such stimulation. Five of the neurons were activated by such stimulation. It is presumed that the latter neurons had axons in a cardiopulmonary nerve and most likely were efferent sympathetic postganglionic neurons. Sixty-three percent of these spontaneously active phase-locked units were modified by stimulation of a ramus or an ansa. It is postulated that some of the neurons in the middle cervical ganglia can be modified by afferent axons arising from receptors in thoracic organs, in particular from the great vessels and heart, whether in an intact or acutely decentralized preparation. The majority of these neurons are presumed not to be afferent neurons or efferent postganglionic neurons, as they are not activated directly by electrical stimulation of axons in cardiopulmonary nerves. Rather they are presumed to be interneurons. These results lend support to the thesis that considerable integration of neuronal activity related to thoracic cardiovascular dynamics occurs within the middle cervical ganglia of dogs.

Intracellular transduction mechanisms for the slow synaptic events

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (S1) ◽  
pp. S44-S50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruo Kobayashi ◽  
Sumiko Mochida ◽  
Susumu Y. Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Characteristic Change ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

Electrical activities of the postganglionic neurons in the superior cervical ganglia of rabbits are modulated in various ways following activation of the subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, (i) M1 receptors mediate a slow depolarization consisting of at least three types of ionic conductance changes, and one of these is possibly mediated by cyclic GMP. (ii) M2 receptors mediate a slow hyperpolarization that seems to be generated by inositol triphosphate derived from phosphatidylinositol breakdown. (iii) M2 receptors also cause, through an activation of C kinase, a suppression of Ca entry during action potentials that results in a characteristic change in the action potentials and thereby modulates excitability of superior cervical ganglion neurons. Each subtype of muscarinic receptors thus regulates different pathways of intracellular transduction and modulates the electrical signaling of sympathetic neurons.Key words: superior cervical ganglion, electrical signals, muscarinic responses, muscarinic receptor subtypes, second messengers.

Synaptic transmission in thoracic autonomic ganglia of the dog

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 793-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Armour
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Compound Action Potentials ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Frequency Of Stimulation ◽  
Synaptic Mechanisms ◽  
Adrenergic And Cholinergic Receptors ◽  
Compound Action ◽  
Stimulation Of

Afferent stimulation of one canine thoracic cardiopulmonary nerve can generate compound action potentials in another ipsilateral cardiopulmonary nerve. These compound action potentials persist after acute decentralization of the middle cervical ganglion, indicating that they result from neural activity in the middle cervical ganglion and thoracic nerves. Changing the frequency of stimulation can alter the compound action potentials, suggesting that temporal facilitation or inhibition occurs in this middle cervical ganglion preparation. The compound action potentials can be modified by stimulation of sympathetic preganglionic fibers and by hexamethonium, atropine, phentolamine, propranolol, and (or) manganese. It thus appears that afferent cardiopulmonary nerves can activate efferent cardiopulmonary nerves via synaptic mechanisms in the stellate and middle cervical ganglia. It also appears that these mechanisms involve adrenergic and cholinergic receptors and are influenced by preganglionic sympathetic fibers arising from the cord.

Neuronal activity recorded extracellularly in chronically decentralized in situ canine middle cervical ganglia

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 1038-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Armour
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Thoracic Wall ◽  
Identified Neurons ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Local Circuit ◽  
Local Circuit Neurons ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

In chronically decentralized in situ middle cervical ganglia of 10 dogs, 279 spontaneously active neurons were identified. One hundred and ten (39%) of these were spontaneously active during specific phases of the cardiac cycle, primarily during systole, and the activity of nearly half of these cardiovascular-related neurons was modified by gentle mechanical distortion of the vena cavae, heart, or thoracic aorta. Another 60 (22%) of the identified neurons had respiratory – related activity, but the activity of only 2 of them was modified by gentle mechanical distortion of pulmonary tissue. Twenty-nine of the other 109 identified neurons were activated by gentle mechanical distortion of localized regions of the neck, ventral thoracic wall, or ventral abdominal wall. Because of the presence of activity in the chronically decentralized middle cervical ganglion, these data infer that some afferent neurons are located in the thoracic autonomic nervous system. Some middle cervical ganglion neurons were activated by single 1–4 ms stimuli delivered to a nerve connected to the ganglion. During repetitive stimuli delivered at 0.5 Hz none were activated after a fixed latency following the stimuli. Many more neurons were activated by 10- to 200-ms trains of 1–4 ms stimuli delivered with interstimulus intervals of 1–10 ms. The majority of these neurons could still be activated electrically after the administration of cholinergic and adrenergic pharmacological blocking agents. As the spontaneously active neurons, as well as those which were not spontaneously active, which were recorded were not consistently activated by single 1–4 ms stimuli delivered individually to every nerve connected to the middle cervical ganglion, they presumably did not project axons into these nerves and thus are presumed not to be afferent or efferent postganglionic neurons but rather to be local circuit neurons. It is concluded that local circuit neurons in the middle cervical ganglion are involved in regulating cardiovascular, respiratory, and other tissues and can function independent of neurons in the central nervous system.

Intracellular recording from visually identified motoneurons in rat spinal cord slices

1978 ◽  
Vol 202 (1148) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Intracellular Recording ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Intracellular Recordings ◽  
Rat Spinal Cord ◽  
Local Sensitivity ◽  
New Born ◽  
Intracellular Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Motoneurons were directly visualized with Nomarski optics in slices prepared from new born rat spinal cord. Intracellular recordings from these neurons showed spontaneous potentials, probably triggered by inter-neuronal activity. Action potentials could also be evoked by direct intracellular stimulation of the motoneurons. Iontophoretically applied L-glutamate caused a fast depolarization of the motoneuronal membrane. Considerable differences in local sensitivity to L-glutamate were found on the surface of the motoneuron.

Functional Analysis of the Cardioaugmentor and Cardioaccelerator Pathways in the Dog

1957 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter C. Randall ◽  
Howard McNally ◽  
Jerry Cowan ◽  
Lawrence Caliguiri ◽  
Wayne G. Rohse
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Stellate Ganglion ◽  
Heart Tissue ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Direct Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
The Right ◽  
Upper Thoracic ◽  
Stimulation Of

The direct, electrical stimulation of the thoracic anterior roots, the communicating rami, and the upper thoracic sympathetic trunk in the dog reveals the preganglionic pathways followed by the cardiac accelerator and augmentor nerves. These nerve fibers are generally intermingled in each of the above pathways, but accelerator fibers are much more prominent on the right whereas augmentor fibers predominate on the left. The most significant pathways are via the T2 and T3 anterior roots and communicating rami, but significant responses were elicited from the T4 nerves and occasionally from the T1 and T5 nerves. Neither accelerator nor augmentor responses could be induced by stimulation of the C8 nerve nor by excitation of nerves below T5. It is concluded that preganglionic cardiomotor fibers enter the trunk between T1 and T5, course cephalad to the stellate ganglion where they may synapse or pass to the caudal cervical ganglion by way of the ansa subclavia. The stellate cardiac nerve furnishes a very important postganglionic augmentor and accelerator pathway, when it is present, but direct branches from the caudal cervical ganglia carry a majority of these fibers in most animals. Augmentor and accelerator fibers can not be functionally separated at any point in their anatomical pathways from the spinal cord to the heart. Responses seem to be determined rather, by the site of nerve terminations in heart tissue.

Interactions of area postrema and solitary tract in the nucleus tractus solitarius

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (5) ◽  
pp. H1466-H1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hay ◽  
V. S. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Solitary Tract ◽  
Simultaneous Stimulation ◽  
Peripheral Afferents ◽  
Stimulation Of

The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives information from both area postrema (AP) and peripheral afferents. It is, therefore, one likely site of interaction between AP and peripheral afferent fibers. The present study's purpose was to determine the influence of AP stimulation on solitary tract-induced modulation of NTS neuronal activity. With the use of an in vitro rabbit brain slice preparation, extracellular recordings were made from 58 NTS neurons in which action potentials were evoked by both solitary tract and AP stimulation. In the majority of the cells tested, simultaneous stimulation of solitary tract and AP, at voltage levels that evoked no action potentials when stimulated separately, resulted in production of either single or multiple action potentials. In 27 units, stimulation levels to the solitary tract and to the AP were adjusted such that their respective separate stimulations produced an NTS action potential less than 30% of the time. When the two inputs were stimulated together, simultaneous stimulations produced an NTS action potential 100% of the time, suggesting a facilitatory interaction between the AP and the solitary tract on NTS neuronal activity. In nine cells, perfusion of the slice with clonidine induced a facilitation of solitary tract-evoked NTS response to a level similar to that seen during simultaneous stimulation of the solitary tract with the AP. Application of the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine blocked the ability of both clonidine and AP to facilitate the solitary tract-evoked response. These results support a possible interaction between AP and peripheral afferents and suggest that AP stimulation facilitates effects of solitary tract activation at the level of the NTS.

Control of pedal and parapodial movements in Aplysia. II. Cerebral ganglion neurons

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jahan-Parwar ◽  
S. M. Fredman
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Cerebral Ganglion ◽  
Proprioceptive Reflexes ◽  
Intracellular Stimulation ◽  
Large Motor ◽  
Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Evoked Contractions ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Intracellular stimulation of individual neurons in the two symmetrical A neuron clusters of the cerebral ganglion evoked contractions of both the foot and parapodia. Electrical stimulation of pedal and parapodial nerves caused antidromic action potentials in A neurons. Units recorded in the nerves followed the driven somatic spike 1:1. This suggests that the A neurons are presumptive pedal and parapodial motor neurons.2. Individual A neurons evoked both bilteral and unilateral contractions of the parapodia or split foot. Contractions in the parapodia were independent of those in the foot. An individual A neuron caused contractions in either the foot or the parapodia, but not both. Sequential transection of parapodial nerves had only a slight effect until a key nerve was cut. The contractions produced by a single A neuron on one side were then abolished. These data suggest that the motor fields of the A neurons are well defined within the foot or the parapodia. 3. Parapodial contractions produced by individual A neurons are not dependent on the excitation of follower motor neurons. Blocking synaptic transmission by the addition of CoCl2 did not eliminate the contractions produced by driving individual A neurons. This is consistent with the A neurons being motor neurons. 4. Intracellular stimulation of individual neurons in the symmetrical B neuron clusters of the cerebral ganglion also evoked pedal and parapodial contractions. Electrical stimulation of the pedal and parapodial nerves elicited antidromic spikes in these neurons. Individual B neurons caused contractions in both the foot and parapodia. This suggests that the B neurons are motor neurons with very large motor fields. 5. Filling the pedal and parapodial nerves with cobalt primarily filled the cell bodies of neurons located in the pedal and pleural ganglia. The somata of A and B neurons were also occasionally filled. This is consistent with the electrophisiological results. 6. Other neurons also evoked parapodial contractions. Intracellular stimulation of neurons in the pedal and pleural ganglia caused parapodial contractions in intact animals. Some of these neurons were excited by stretching the parapodia or touching the tentacles. 7. The B neurons are strongly excited by tactile stimulation of the tentacles. Since they can cause pedal and parapodial contractions they may mediate reflex contractions elicited by tentacular stimulation. Stretching the parapodia only occasionally caused the A neurons to fire. This makes it unlikely that they make a major contribution to pedal and parapodial proprioceptive reflexes. These reflexes are probably controlled by neurons in the pedal and pleural ganglia.

scholarly journals The effect of preganglionic stimulation on the incorporation of l-[U-14C]valine into the protein of the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea pig

1970 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 813-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Preganglionic Stimulation ◽  
Energy Dependent ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Superior cervical ganglia from the guinea pig carry out an energy-dependent incorporation of l-[14C]valine into protein in vitro. 2. Stimulation of the preganglionic nerve at a physiological frequency for more than a few minutes decreases the ability of the ganglia to incorporate labelled valine into protein.

Cephalic carotid pressure as a measure of transmission through cervical ganglion

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (6) ◽  
pp. H867-H875
Author(s):  
R. S. Tuttle
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Carotid Sinus ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Nictitating Membrane ◽  
Beta Adrenoceptor ◽  
Adrenoceptor Antagonist ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Ganglionic Transmission ◽  
Stimulation Of

Cephalic or cranial pressure, i.e., pressure recorded craniad from the external carotid artery, was recorded in the cat during stimulation of the pre- and postganglionic trunks of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) as was tension developed by the nictitating membrane under these situations. The influence of distension of the carotid sinus and of metoprolol on hemodynamic and tension responses was compared with control responses. Distension of the sinus with an indwelling balloon produced an increase of cephalic pressure evoked by stimulation of the SCG. Tension developed by the nictitating membrane was unaffected. Metoprolol reduced the increase in pressure resulting from stimulation of the preganglionic trunk of the SCG at 1.0 Hz but enhanced the pressure increase in the cranial circulation evoked by postganglionic stimulation of the SCG at 5.0 Hz. Action potentials, recorded postganglionically from the SCG, could be roughly grouped by height and latency into three populations. The height of the M3 population increased with distension of the carotid sinus. This study provides evidence that cephalic pressure can be used as a measure of the influence of various factors on the transmission of impulses through the SCG. This parameter appears to be a more sensitive measure of transmission than that of tension developed by the nictitating membrane. Distension of the carotid sinus is one factor that facilitates ganglionic transmission, whereas the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist metoprolol depresses it.

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