The cytokine response to strenuous exercise

Strenuous exercise is accompanied by an increase in circulating proinflammatory and inflammation responsive cytokines, having some similarities with the response to sepsis and trauma. The sequential release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)1beta, IL-6, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) in the blood is comparable to that observed in relation to bacterial diseases. Eccentric exercise is associated with an increase in serum IL-6 concentrations and is significantly correlated with the concentration of creatine kinase (CK) in the following days, whereas no changes are found after the concentric exercise; this demonstrates a close association between exercise-induced muscle damage and increased serum levels of IL-6. The time course of cytokine production, the close association with muscle damage, and the finding of mRNA-IL-6 in skeletal muscle biopsies after intense exercise all support the idea that during eccentric exercise myofibers are mechanically damaged and that this process stimulates the local production of inflammatory cytokines. It remains to be shown whether systemic endotoxemia during exercise is also a cause of elevated levels of cytokines in the plasma. The present review also discusses the possible roles of protein breakdown, delayed onset muscle soreness, and clinical implications of the acute-phase response following exercise.Key words: exercise, sport, trauma, sepsis, cytokines, interleukin, muscle.

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Effect of Warmed Whirlpool on Symptoms of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage

Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation ◽

10.24112/ajper.91290 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 83-88

Author(s):

Jen Hao LIU ◽

Johnson HWANG ◽

Jung Charng LIN

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Tissue Injury ◽

Soft Tissue Injury ◽

Muscle Stiffness ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

Control Group ◽

Arm Circumference ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Main Effects

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Exercise-induced muscle damage, also called DOMS, is soft tissue injury after strenuous exercise. There are many ways of treatments on DOMS. Hydrotherapy is one of the effective treatments for DOMS. The mechanism of hydrotherapy on DOMS is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess the effects of warmed whirlpool immersion on the symptoms of DOMS following strenuous eccentric exercise. After performing a bout of damage-inducing eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors on a Biodex, 22 females were randomly assignment into a control group, CG (n=11) and hydrotherapy group, HG (n=11). HG immersed their exercised arm in warmed water (41 °c) for 10 min immediately after eccentric exercise and then every 12 h for 15 min, seven sessions. Plasma creatine kinase (CK), relaxed elbow angle (REA), muscle soreness index (MSI) and swelling were measured immediately before eccentric exercise and 3 day afterward, respectively. Analysis of variance revealed significant (p < .05) main effects on time for all variables, with increases in MSI, CK, upper arm circumference (URC) and decreases in REA. There were significant interactions (p < 0.01) between group and time for REA and CK. REA was greater and CK was lower for the HG than the CG on day 2 and day 3 following the eccentric exercise. We concluded that heated whirlpool immersion might reduce muscle stiffness, CK and increase REA.運動引起的肌肉損傷，也稱為運動後延遲性的肌肉酸痛，簡稱為DOMS，為一種劇烈運動後的軟組織損傷。處理DOMS的方法很多：但熱水療的方法卻是處理DOMS非常有效的方法。熱水療對DOMS的效果並不清楚。因此，本文主要在探討熱水療對運動後產生肌肉酸痛的影響，受試者經實施屈肘離心運動後，22位受試者隨機抽樣分配成熱療組及控制組。熱水療組於離心屈肘運動後，將運動肘浸泡在水溫維持在41°c的熱水中10分鐘後，分別於運動前、運動後立即、運動後24小時、運動後48小時、運動後72小時，分別測量肘關節活動範圍、血漿肌酸激有活性、腫脹及肌肉酸痛指數。經分析發現在運動後各期間的DOMS、血漿肌酸激有活性及腫脹隨時間增加而增加；肘關節活動範圍及血漿肌酸激有活性在組別及時間上有交互作用，且其交互作用是運動後的48小時及72小時熱水療組肘關節活動範圍較大，而血漿肌酸激有活性較低，顯示熱水療於離心性運動後關節活動範圍增加、減少肌酸激有活性與降低肌肉酸痛指數。

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A semiquantitative scoring tool to evaluate eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage in trained rats

European Journal of Histochemistry ◽

10.4081/ejh.2015.2544 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D. Rizo-Roca ◽

J.G. Ríos-Kristjánsson ◽

C. Núñez-Espinosa ◽

A. Ascensão ◽

J. Magalhães ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Damage ◽

Muscle Fibre ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Muscle Injury ◽

Time Course ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Post Injury ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Scoring Tool

Unaccustomed eccentric exercise is a well-documented cause of exercise-induced muscle damage. However, in trained subjects muscle injury involves only light or moderate tissue damage. Since trained rats are widely used as a model for skeletal muscle injury, here we propose a semiquantitative scoring tool to evaluate muscle damage in trained rats. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained fortwo weeks following a two-week preconditioning period, and randomly divided into two groups: control rats (CTL; n=5) and rats with eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (INJ; n=15). Injured rats were sacrificed at three time points: 1, 3 and 7 days post injury (n=5 each). Transverse sections from the right soleus were cut (10 µm) and stained with haematoxylin-eosin. Samples were evaluated by two groups of observers (four researchers experienced in skeletal muscle histopathology and four inexperienced) using the proposed tool, which consisted of six items organised in three domains: abnormal fibre morphology, necrotic/(re)degenerating fibres (muscle fibre domain), endomysial and perimysial infiltration (inflammatory state domain) and endomysium and perimysium distension (interstitial compartment domain). We observed the expected time course in the six evaluated items. Furthermore, agreement among observers was evaluated by measuring the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Within the experienced group, items from the muscle fibre and interstitial compartment domains showed good agreement and the two items from the infiltration compartment domain showed excellent agreement. in conclusion, the proposed tool allowed quick and correct evaluation of light to moderate muscle damage in trained rats with good agreement between observers.

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CCL2 and CCR2 polymorphisms are associated with markers of exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00361.2009 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 108 (6) ◽

pp. 1651-1658 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Monica J. Hubal ◽

Joseph M. Devaney ◽

Eric P. Hoffman ◽

Edward J. Zambraski ◽

Heather Gordish-Dressman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Exercise Bout ◽

Large Degree ◽

Strength Loss ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Strength Recovery ◽

Damage Response ◽

Exercise Induced

Novel eccentric (lengthening contraction) exercise typically results in muscle damage, which manifests as prolonged muscle dysfunction, delayed onset muscle soreness, and leakage of muscle proteins into circulation. There is a large degree of variability in the damage response of individuals to eccentric exercise, with higher responders at risk for potentially fatal rhabdomyolysis. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in chemokine ligand 2 ( CCL2) and its receptor chemokine receptor 2 ( CCR2) associate with the high degrees of variability in the muscle damage response. We based this hypothesis on CCL2's roles in macrophage and satellite cell signaling in injured muscle. DNA was obtained from 157 untrained men and women following maximal eccentric exercise. Strength loss, soreness, serum creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin levels before and during recovery from a single exercise bout were tested for association with 16 SNPs in CCL2 and CCR2. The rare alleles for rs768539 and rs3918358 (CCR2) were significantly ( P < 0.05) associated with lower preexercise strength in men, whereas CCL2 SNPs (rs13900, rs1024611, and rs1860189) and CCR2 (rs1799865) were associated with altered preexercise CK levels in women. During recovery, the rs3917878 genotype ( CCL2) was associated with attenuated strength recovery in men and an elevated CK response in women. CCR2 variants were associated with slower strength recovery in women (rs3918358) and elevated soreness (rs1799865) across all subjects. In summary, we found that SNPs in CCL2 and CCR2 are associated with exercise-induced muscle damage and that the presence of certain variants may result in an exaggerated damage response to strenuous exercise.

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Preconditioning by light-load eccentric exercise is equally effective as low-level laser therapy in attenuating exercise-induced muscle damage in collegiate men

Journal of Pain Research ◽

10.2147/jpr.s139615 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol Volume 10 ◽

pp. 2213-2221 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Samar Nausheen ◽

Jamal Ali Moiz ◽

Shahid Raza ◽

Mohammed Yakub Shareef ◽

Shahnawaz Anwer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Laser Therapy ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Low Level Laser Therapy ◽

Low Level ◽

Low Level Laser ◽

Light Load ◽

Level Laser ◽

Exercise Induced

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Eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage of pre-adolescent and adolescent boys in comparison to young men

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00421-014-2848-3 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 114 (6) ◽

pp. 1183-1195 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Trevor C. Chen ◽

Hsin-Lian Chen ◽

Yi-Chuen Liu ◽

Kazunori Nosaka

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Young Men ◽

Adolescent Boys ◽

Exercise Induced

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Effect of two maximal isometric contractions on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage of the elbow flexors

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00421-012-2581-8 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 113 (6) ◽

pp. 1545-1554 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Trevor C. Chen ◽

Hsin-Lian Chen ◽

Ming-Ju Lin ◽

Che-Hsiu Chen ◽

Alan J. Pearce ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Isometric Contractions ◽

Elbow Flexors ◽

Exercise Induced

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Muscle damage and inflammation during recovery from exercise

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 122 (3) ◽

pp. 559-570 ◽

Cited By ~ 132

Author(s):

Jonathan M. Peake ◽

Oliver Neubauer ◽

Paul A. Della Gatta ◽

Kazunori Nosaka

Keyword(s):

Muscle Strength ◽

Muscle Damage ◽

Muscle Tissue ◽

Time Course ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Large Body ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Muscle Length ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Exercise Induced

Unaccustomed exercise consisting of eccentric (i.e., lengthening) muscle contractions often results in muscle damage characterized by ultrastructural alterations in muscle tissue, clinical signs, and symptoms (e.g., reduced muscle strength and range of motion, increased muscle soreness and swelling, efflux of myocellular proteins). The time course of recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage depends on the extent of initial muscle damage, which in turn is influenced by the intensity and duration of exercise, joint angle/muscle length, and muscle groups used during exercise. The effects of these factors on muscle strength, soreness, and swelling are well characterized. By contrast, much less is known about how they affect intramuscular inflammation and molecular aspects of muscle adaptation/remodeling. Although inflammation has historically been viewed as detrimental for recovery from exercise, it is now generally accepted that inflammatory responses, if tightly regulated, are integral to muscle repair and regeneration. Animal studies have revealed that various cell types, including neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, CD8 and T-regulatory lymphocytes, fibro-adipogenic progenitors, and pericytes help to facilitate muscle tissue regeneration. However, more research is required to determine whether these cells respond to exercise-induced muscle damage. A large body of research has investigated the efficacy of physicotherapeutic, pharmacological, and nutritional interventions for reducing the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage, with mixed results. More research is needed to examine if/how these treatments influence inflammation and muscle remodeling during recovery from exercise.

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