Sex and sociality in a disconnected world: a review of the impacts of habitat fragmentation on animal social interactionsThis review is one of a series dealing with some aspects of the impact of habitat fragmentation on animals and plants. This series is one of several virtual symposia focussing on ecological topics that will be published in the Journal from time to time.

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
pp. 1065-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam C. Banks ◽  
Maxine P. Piggott ◽  
Adam J. Stow ◽  
Andrea C. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Population Viability ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
The Impact

Despite the extensive literature describing the impacts of habitat fragmentation on the distribution and abundance of species, fragmentation effects on life-history strategies have been relatively understudied. Social interactions are important life-history attributes that have fitness consequences for individuals and have been observed to differ among populations in relation to geographic and demographic variability. Therefore, habitat fragmentation is expected to affect social interactions, and these social impacts or responses may contribute to population viability and broad-scale patterns of distribution and abundance in fragmented landscapes. Here we review the emerging literature on this issue. We focus on the impacts of habitat fragmentation that are expected to, or have been observed to, affect social strategies. These include altered resource distribution (e.g., habitat quality, spatial configuration of patches), interspecific interactions (e.g., predator–prey and host–parasite dynamics, human disturbance), and sex (mate availability and inbreeding risk). The studies we cite identified altered social interactions in response to these influences, including changes to home-range overlap, territoriality, group size, and mating systems. The observed changes to social interactions include passive responses, whereby social interactions are affected by constraints introduced by habitat fragmentation, and adaptive social responses to a modified environment. We suggest that future research could focus on individual fitness benefits and on consequences for population viability of altered social interactions in fragmented environments.

Physiological and Growth Differences in Three Stocks of Underyearling Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) on Early Entry into Seawater

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 974-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley D. Rice ◽  
Robert E. Thomas ◽  
Adam Moles
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lake Type ◽  
River Type

We compared the impact of exposure to seawater on three sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) stocks: one that normally migrates to sea as underyearlings (sea-type) and two with the more common life history strategies of 1 (river-type) or 2 (lake-type) yr of freshwater residence prior to seaward migration. Innate differences in survival, ability to regulate tissue chlorides, and oxygen consumption when first introduced into salt water were more evident in April and May when fish were less than 50 mm in length. In fish longer than 50 mm, the only significant differences among the stocks were in saltwater growth. Between June and August, sea-type fish showed faster growth than river-type fish which in turn grew faster than lake-type fish. When introduced into salt water in October, virtually no growth occurred in any stock, regardless of fish size. River-type and lake-type sockeye, which normally overwinter 1 and 2 yr, respectively, in freshwater, can be reared in seawater if underyearlings are raised to a length of 50 mm before release into salt water, similar to the normal life history of sea-type underyearlings. Early life history appears to be influenced more by habitat than by genetics.

Externalities of development of the sharing economy in tourism cities

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-157
Author(s):  
Daria Elżbieta Jaremen ◽  
Elżbieta Nawrocka ◽  
Michał Żemła
Keyword(s):  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Procedure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Purpose The purpose of the paper is to identify the state-of-the-art of scientific research on externalities generated in cities by the sharing economy in tourism (SET) based on an extensive literature review. Design/methodology/approach This review detected benefits and costs of the SET in cities development described in the literature using the economic externalities theory approach. The SALSA (Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis and Analysis) research procedure was used to collect relevant academic articles. For findings, the qualitative and quantitative content analysis combined to make a critical analysis of selected papers was conducted. Findings Thirty articles devoted to the impact of the SET in cities were identified. Five topics that gained researchers’ attention were recognized: real estate market; transportation; quality of life and gentrification; entrepreneurship and innovativeness of citizens; and local budgets’ incomes. The studies that present externalities of development of the SET in a more complex way are extremely rare. Research limitations/implications Research limitations are related to the methods used. The subjectivism of the research is a limitation to possibilities to achieve similar results when analyzing the same set of papers by different researchers. The results then are not to be generalized. Practical implications The research reveals a list of problems with externalities of the development of the SET in tourism destinations. Those problems are to be solved by policymakers in cities. Originality/value This study identified the gaps of previous research on the impacts of the SET on cities’ development. The paper presented an original conceptualization of future research.

Software-as-a-Medical Device: demystifying Connected Health regulations

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel Carroll ◽  
Ita Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Medical Device ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Healthcare Service ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Connected Health ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Connected Health is an emerging and rapidly developing field never before witnessed across the healthcare sector. It has the potential to transform healthcare service systems by increasing its safety, quality and overall efficiency. However, as healthcare technologies or medical devices continuously rely more on software development, one of the core challenges is examining how Connected Health is regulated – often impacting Connected Health innovation. The purpose of this paper is to present an understanding of how Connected Health is regulated. Many of these regulatory developments fall under “medical devices”, giving rise to Software-as-a-Medical Device (SaaMD). Design/methodology/approach Through an extensive literature review, this paper demystifies Connected Health regulation. It presents the outcome of expert discussions which explore the key regulatory developments in the context of Connected Health to provide a practical guide to understanding how regulation can potentially shape healthcare innovation. Findings Several key issues are identified, and the authors present a comprehensive overview of regulatory developments relating to Connected Health with a view to support the continued growth of IT-enabled healthcare service models. The authors also identify the key challenges in Connected Health and identify areas for future research. Originality/value A key outcome of this research is a clearer understanding of the opportunities and challenges that regulation and standards present to Connected Health. Furthermore, this research is of critical importance in a first attempt towards recognising the impact of regulation and standards compliance in Connected Health.

scholarly journals Illness, social disadvantage, and sexual risk behavior in adolescence and the transition to adulthood

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Alley ◽  
Rebecca Y. Owen ◽  
Sarah E. Wawrzynski ◽  
Lauren Lasrich ◽  
Zobayer Ahmmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Risk Behavior ◽  
Sexual Risk ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Sexual Risk Behavior ◽  
Social Disadvantage ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis study investigated the influence of illness on sexual risk behavior in adolescence and the transition to adulthood, both directly and through moderation of the impact of social disadvantage. We hypothesized positive effects for social disadvantages and illness on sexual risk behavior, consistent with the development of faster life history strategies among young people facing greater life adversity. Using the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we developed a mixed effects multinomial logistic regression model predicting sexual risk behavior in three comparisons, risky nonmonogamous sex vs. 1) safer nonmonogamous sex, 2) monogamous sex, and 3) abstinence, by social characteristics, illness, interactions thereof, and control covariates. Multiple imputation was used to address a modest amount of missing data. Subjects reporting higher levels of illness had lower odds of having safer nonmonogamous sex (OR = 0.84, p < .001), monogamous sex (OR = 0.82, p < .001), and abstinence (OR = 0.74, p < .001) vs. risky nonmonogamous sex, relative to individuals in better health. Illness significantly moderated the sex (OR = 0.88, p < .01), race/ethnicity (e.g., OR = 1.21, p < .001), and childhood SES (OR = 0.94; p < .01) effects for the abstinent vs. risky nonmonogamous sex comparison. Substantive findings were generally robust across waves and in various sensitivity analyses. These findings offer general support for the predictions of life history theory. Illness and various social disadvantages are associated with increased sexual risk behavior in adolescence and the transition to adulthood. Analyses indicate that the buffering effects of several protective social statuses against sexual risk-taking are substantially eroded by illness.

scholarly journals The impact of stress on the life history strategies of African American adolescents: Cognitions, genetic moderation, and the role of discrimination.

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 722-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick X. Gibbons ◽  
Megan E. Roberts ◽  
Meg Gerrard ◽  
Zhigang Li ◽  
Steven R. H. Beach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Life History ◽  
African American Adolescents ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Longevity and ageing: appraising the evolutionary consequences of growing old

2005 ◽  
Vol 361 (1465) ◽  
pp. 119-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B Bonsall
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

Senescence or ageing is an increase in mortality and/or decline in fertility with increasing age. Evolutionary theories predict that ageing or longevity evolves in response to patterns of extrinsic mortality or intrinsic damage. If ageing is viewed as the outcome of the processes of behaviour, growth and reproduction then it should be possible to predict mortality rate. Recent developments have shown that it is now possible to integrate these ecological and physiological processes and predict the shape of mortality trajectories. By drawing on the key exciting developments in the cellular, physiological and ecological process of longevity the evolutionary consequences of ageing are reviewed. In presenting these ideas an evolutionary demographic framework is used to argue how trade-offs in life-history strategies are important in the maintenance of variation in longevity within and between species. Evolutionary processes associated with longevity have an important role in explaining levels of biological diversity and speciation. In particular, the effects of life-history trait trade-offs in maintaining and promoting species diversity are explored. Such trade-offs can alleviate the effects of intense competition between species and promote species coexistence and diversification. These results have important implications for understanding a number of core ecological processes such as how species are divided among niches, how closely related species co-occur and the rules by which species assemble into food-webs. Theoretical work reveals that the proximate physiological processes are as important as the ecological factors in explaining the variation in the evolution of longevity. Possible future research challenges integrating work on the evolution and mechanisms of growing old are briefly discussed.

Causes of psychopathology

2015 ◽  
pp. 94-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Brüne
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Immunological Diseases ◽  
Proximate Causes ◽  
Suboptimal Design ◽  
Epigenetic Modulation ◽  
The Impact

The causes of psychiatric and psychosomatic conditions can be categorized into two groups: proximate and ultimate (evolutionary) causes. Proximate causes comprise genetic factors, epigenetic modulation, childhood trauma and other life events, and senescence. Ultimate or evolutionary causes concern mismatch between adaptation and current environment, suboptimal design, and design compromises. Examples of evolutionary causes of dysfunction include cognitive and emotional adaptations to small-scale societies (mismatch), anxiety (suboptimal design), premature birth (design compromise), and other features associated with human life history. Furthermore, many ‘diseases of civilization’ fall under the category of mismatch, as well as immunological diseases that may arise from a lack of exposure to pathogens early in life. Prevention of psychopathology, though desirable, may not always be possible due to the fact that evolution does not select for emotional well-being. However, reducing the impact of early adversity and helping people develop alternative life-history strategies may be an attainable goal.

Benchmarking the barriers of sustainable consumer behaviour

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Sheoran ◽  
Divesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Fuzzy Ahp ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
High Price ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Electronic Products ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The earth is under massive stress due to current level of consumption which has crossed the sustaining capacity of our planet. Thus, the need of the hour is to promote sustainable production and consumption. The purpose of this study is to identify the basic barriers of sustainable consumer behaviour which are hindering the adoption of sustainable consumption. Design/methodology/approach This article is divided into two parts. The first part consists of a literature review based on 128 articles (1995 to 2020), which are spread over a period of 25 years. Based on the literature review, nine barriers of sustainable consumer behaviour were identified and put into three categories. In the second part, fuzzy analytical hierarchy process has been used to know about the relative weight of each barrier so that benchmarking/prioritising of basic barriers of sustainable consumer behaviour can be done. Findings This article identifies critical barriers affecting the acceptance of sustainable electronic products. High price, a perception of no environmental impact, no benefit in personal image, lesser use by family and friends, lack of awareness about the products etc. emerged as the potential barriers which need prime attention. The relative weight of each of these barriers has also been arrived at in this article which is expected to be beneficial for policymakers to focus upon important barriers. Impact of many of these barriers can be reduced through innovative approaches and solutions. Research limitations/implications This article will be helpful in future research in the field of sustainable consumer behaviour. Through the understanding of the barriers of sustainable consumer behaviour, companies, governments and industries can take suitable initiatives by modifying the policies and practices to reduce the impact of these barriers so that consumer behaviour can be made more sustainable. Originality/value The current article tries to identify the critical barriers to adoption of sustainable electronic products by the consumers. An extensive literature review, expert suggestions and consumer survey have been adopted to identify nine barriers. Although, multiple researches have been done in the field of sustainable consumer behaviour and adoption of sustainable electronic products, there is no research article which solely focuses on implementing Fuzzy analytical hierarchical process (AHP) approach to rank the barriers faced by consumers for adoption of sustainable electronic products. It has been concluded that high price of sustainable electronic products is the most critical barrier in adoption of sustainable consumer behaviour. Moreover, the relative ranking obtained with the help of Fuzzy AHP can be used by policymakers and organisations to promote and implement sustainability in consumer behaviour.

scholarly journals Social Isolation, Loneliness and Well-Being: The Impact of WeChat Use Intensity During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfeng Li ◽  
Luyang Zhou ◽  
Beatrice Van Der Heijden ◽  
Shengxiao Li ◽  
Hong Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Loop Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This study is aimed to examine the impact of WeChat use intensity on social isolation, loneliness, and well-being during the lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on the regulatory loop model of loneliness, the notions of Internet Paradox, the Time Displacement hypothesis and previous literature on WeChat use intensity, we propose that lockdown loneliness (partially) mediates the relationship between lockdown WeChat use intensity and well-being (i.e., lockdown stress and lockdown life satisfaction). Moreover, we assume that lockdown WeChat use intensity moderates the relationship between lockdown social isolation and well-being (i.e., lockdown stress and lockdown life satisfaction) in both a direct and in an indirect way, that is through lockdown loneliness. The results from our Structural Equation Modeling analyses, using a sample of 1,805 Chinese respondents, indicate that all of our research hypotheses are confirmed. From this empirical work, it becomes clear that online social interactions, which are believed by many people to be able to compensate for the lack of offline social interactions during the COVID-19 lockdown period, in fact are endangering their mental health and life satisfaction instead. This article concludes with theoretical and practical implications of our study, followed by its limitations and recommendations for future research.

Job Satisfaction and Teachers Retention

2017 ◽  
pp. 502-520
Author(s):  
Rupali Singh ◽  
Ginni Chawla ◽  
Avani Desai
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Future Research Direction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this research is to provide a platform to researchers to formulate retention strategies for their respective teaching staff and institutes. The present study has thus undertaken extensive literature review and depicted the impact of job satisfaction in teacher's retention at management institutes in India. The scope of present study is to identify the factors affecting teacher's retention in management institutes in Indian and also to explore the importance of job satisfaction in the same. The future research direction of the present study is to engage the Baron and Kenny, 1986 model for mediation regression analysis and conduct the institute specific study for exploring the frequency of each factor in retaining teachers within their institutes.

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