Recovery of Tantalum and Manganese from Epoxy-Coated Solid Electrolyte Tantalum Capacitors through Selective Leaching and Chlorination Processes

Electronic products are ever growing in popularity, and tantalum capacitors are heavily used in small electronic products. Spent epoxy-coated solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors, containing about 22 wt.% of tantalum and 8 wt.% of manganese, were treated with selective leaching by hydrochloric acid and chlorination after removing the epoxy resin, and the products converted, respectively, to Mn(OH)2 and TaCl5. The effects of acid type, acid concentration, liquid–solid ratio, and reaction time were investigated to dissolve the manganese. The optimal selective leaching conditions were determined as 3 mol/L of HCl, 40 mL/g at 25 °C for 32 min. Next, residues of selective leaching after washing and drying were heated with ferrous chloride to convert to pure TaCl5. Mixing 48 wt.% of chloride and 52 wt.% of residues for a total of 5 g was conducted to complete the chlorination process in the tube furnace at 450 °C for 3 h. A total of 2.35 g of Ta was collected and the recovery of Ta achieved 94%. Finally, Mn(OH)2 and TaCl5 were separated and purified as the products.

Improvement of Position Repeatability of a Linear Stage with Yaw Minimization

Recently, due to the miniaturization of electronic products, printed circuit boards (PCBs) have also become smaller. This trend has led to the need for high-precision electrical test equipment to check PCBs for disconnections and short circuits. The purpose of this study is to improve the position repeatability of the platform unit up to ±2.5 μm in linear stage type test equipment. For this purpose, the causes of the position errors of the platform unit are analyzed. The platform unit holding the PCB is driven by a single-axis linear ball screw drive system offset from its geometric center due to design constraints. The yaw rotation of the platform is found to have a dominant effect on position repeatability. To address this problem, adding balancing weights to the platform unit and adjusting the stiffness of the LM Guides are proposed. These methods reduce the yaw rotation by moving the centers of mass and stiffness closer to the linear ball screw actuator. In the verification tests, the position repeatability was decreased to less than ±1.0 μm.

Ecodesign Strategy for Demand-Oriented Electrical and Electronic Products

Governments of various countries have formulated relevant EPR environmental regulations for environmental pollution caused by electrical and electronic products, and enterprises mainly respond to this regulation through product ecodesign strategies. In view of this, this paper takes a three-stage supply chain system composed of a manufacturer, a retailer and a third-party recycler as the research object, and develops a demand-oriented product ecodesign strategy for five scenarios under different environmental regulations, including eco-input subsidy, sales subsidy, consumption subsidy and recycling subsidy. This study finds that the manufacturer does not actively engage in product ecodesign if the government does not implement subsidy policies; when the government implements subsidy policies such as eco-input subsidy, sales subsidy, or consumption subsidy, the manufacturer will design a high-level ecological product. However, under the recycling subsidy policy, the manufacturer will design a low-level ecological product. These results suggest that different subsidy policies may lead to different eco-product strategies of the manufacturer. In particular, the recycling subsidy policy can encourage a recycler to recycle actively, thus reducing the environmental pollution cost of a manufacturer, but the manufacturer is reluctant to improve the ecological level of the finished product.

Assessing the Effects of Delivery Attributes on E-Shopping Consumer Behaviour

E-consumer behaviour plays a vital role in e-commerce worldwide. This paper addresses the importance of delivery time, delivery fee, and delivery reception, and the influence of delivery fee and reception on e-consumers’ behaviour by analysing the following hypotheses: delivery attributes affect e-shopping behaviour, and delivery attributes affect e-consumers’ behaviour according to their sociodemographic characteristics. Data were obtained from a web-based survey with Brazilian e-consumers, and logistic regression and artificial neural network models were estimated to assess consumer behaviour. We found that delivery fee willingness to pay and privacy are affected by delivery times according to gender. Delivery fees affect the e-consumer according to gender, the habit of purchasing books and leisure products, privacy, promotions, and pricing, and influence the e-shopping decision by age, purchase of electronic products, and promotions. Delivery reception is relevant according to age, income, gender, frequency of e-shopping, privacy, and pricing. Furthermore, delivery fees influence the e-shopping decision by age, purchase of electronic products, and promotions. Finally, delivery fee, willingness-to-pay, and privacy are characteristics influenced by reception on the e-shopping decision. Further analyses would include the dynamic aspects of e-consumer behaviour and the impacts of COVID-19 in the e-consumption patterns and its effects on e-commerce deliveries.

Characteristics of Stereo Imaging using Non-Identical Cameras for Object Detection

The fear from the continuous spreading of the Covid-19 pandemic had put lot of restrictions on the movement of goods around the world. In Egypt, the importing of goods especially electronic products from many countries including China was crucial to the research and educational purposes. The restrictions had stopped the importing of many electronic devices from China including cameras. Object detection and identification were among the hot topics of research in our university which depended mainly on imported cameras. In this paper we tackle the problem of setting up stereo cameras using old non identical cameras to do object detection. The selection of the cameras was not optional since we had to use what we found in our old laptops. OpenCV and Python programming commands were used to set the two cameras to obtain equally clear images as much as possible. A disparity map was then calculated using openCV and its accuracy was then discussed. Accuracy was dependable on the sharpness of the cameras used, Gamma parameter, number of pixels per image and matching algorithm to match the two images obtained using the stereo cameras.

RESCO (REUSABLE SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY)

What do we do with our e-waste? The answers would possibly be „what is e-waste‟, „office IT vendor‟ and „collection boxes‟ to „we just dump it in the dustbin‟ or „put it in our cupboards for a long long time.‟ It is like that disposing of e-waste effectively (or at all) is not a priority because, we think, it doesn‟t really get in our way.E-waste recycling is a concept barely existent in India. As a result, the electronic waste generated is often dumped in rivers or in dump yards without proper treatment. This is hazardous for both the environment and personal health. Electronic waste (e-waste) is one of fast-growing trash streams in the country. Knowledge Growth and The Telecommunications Technology sector has improved electronic use equipment exponentially. Soon expiration and subsequent upgrades of electronic products, are compelling consumers discard old products, which then accumulate large e-waste in a solid stream of waste. E-waste is growing in India at a rate of 10%. Major recycling of e-waste is carried out in the non-formal sector using primitive and hazardous methods. . Adequate legal action and inexpensive, friendly to nature, A technical solution will be needed to fix the issue.With increasing production of electronic devices, the carbon emission is also increasing drastically. Even processes like recycling have a high usage of resources like water and electricity which are also (though in lesser quantities) degrading the environment. The UN has set up Sustainable Development Goals which set up certain goals that we need to match up in future.Seeing that a large amount of carbon emissions come from development of electronics, we decided to build a project that can help people to REUSE old electronic products. Keywords: Reusability, Recycling, Android Development, Donation, NGOs

Effects of Isothermal Aging on Interfacial Microstructure and Shear Properties of Sn-4.5Sb-3.5Bi-0.1Ag Soldering with ENIG and ENEPIG Substrates

Sn–Sb system solders and ENIG/ENEPIG surface finish layers are commonly used in electronic products. To illustrate the thermal reliability evaluation of such solder joints, we studied the interfacial microstructure and shear properties of Sn-4.5Sb-3.5Bi-0.1Ag/ENIG and Sn-4.5Sb-3.5Bi-0.1Ag/ENEPIG solder joints after aging at 150 °C for 250, 500 and 1000 h. The results show that the intermetallic compound of Sn-4.5Sb-3.5Bi-0.1Ag/ENIG interface was more continuous and uniform compared with that of Sn-4.5Sb-3.5Bi-0.1Ag/ENEPIG interface after reflow. The thickness of the interfacial intermetallic compounds of the former was significantly thinner than that of the latter before and after aging. With extension of aging time, the former interface was stable, while obvious voids appeared at the interface of the latter after 500 h aging and significant fracture occurred after 1000 h aging. The shear tests proved that shear strength of solder joints decreased with increasing aging time. For the Sn-4.5Sb-3.5Bi-0.1Ag/ENEPIG joint after 1000 h aging, the fracture mode is ductile-brittle mixed type, which means fracture could occur at the solder matrix or the solder/IMC interface. For other samples of these two types of joints, ductile fracture occurred inside of the solder. The Sn-4.5Sb-3.5Bi-0.1Ag/ENIG solder joint was thermally more reliable than Sn-4.5Sb-3.5Bi-0.1Ag/ENEPIG.

RADIATION EFFECTS IN INTEGRATED CHIPS WHEN EXPOSED TO IONIZING RADIATION

In the onboard equipment, components of electronics, which have increased sensitivity to the effects of ionizing radiation are widely used. The transient processes in electronic products are particularly dangerous, associated with an absorbed dose of radiation, leading to functional or irre-versible failures in the operation of onboard systems.