LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY OF HOROGENES CHRYSOSTICTOS GMELIN (HYMENOPTERA, ICHNEUMONIDAE), A PARASITE OF EPHESTIA SERICARIUM SCOTT (LEPIDOPTERA, PHYCITIDAE)

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick C. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Host Finding ◽  
Ephestia Cautella ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Adult Behavior ◽  
Achroia Grisella ◽  
Preimaginal Development ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Common Parasite

Horogenes chrysostictos Gmelin, a common parasite of lepidopterous larvae, was reared in the laboratory in larvae of Ephestia cautella Walk., E. elutella Walk., E. sericarium Scott, Hofmannophila pseudospretella Staint., Endrosis sarcitrella L., Galleria mellonella L., and Achroia grisella Fab. The size and coloration of the adult and period of preimaginal development are regulated by the size and species of the host and environmental temperature. The duration of the egg stage and of the five larval instars are recorded over the viable temperature range. Characters are given which distinguish the first and fifth larval instars from those of Nemeritis canescens Grav., also a parasite of E. sericarium, and the rates of development of both species are compared over the range 15° to 30 °C. H. chrysostictos develops more quickly at all temperatures. Its sex ratio is usually 3 males: 2 females; the reproductive potential is highest at 25 °C with a mean of 39.4 progeny per female. The adult behavior in mating, host finding, and oviposition is described. Two modes of combat occur between supernumerary larvae in competition for the possession of their host: fighting with the mandibles between young first instar larvae, and combat by humoral inhibition which occurs between young first instar larvae and those in later instars. In both cases the older parasite survives competition.

DEVELOPMENT OF TIPHODYTES GERRIPHAGUS (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE) IN LIMNOPORUS DISSORTIS EGGS (HEMIPTERA: GERRIDAE)

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
João M. Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Pupal Period ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Preimaginal Development ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Mandible Length

AbstractInvestigations of preimaginal development in Tiphodytes gerriphagus Marchal reveal two larval instars, based on counting exuviae and comparing mandible length during development within Limnoporus dissortis Drake & Harris eggs. Tiphodytes gerriphagus eggs are stalked, as is typical of scelionids, and are 282.6 ± 3.48 μm (mean ± SE) long. The chorion ruptures at 8–9 h postoviposition and releases a nonfeeding embryo into the host. Feeding begins at 18–20 h postoviposition, after the embryonic cuticle is shed and a fully differentiated and active larva is released. The first larval stage is teleaform and lasted up to 5 days postoviposition, and its total length increased from 183.6 ± 3.35 to 517.0 ± 14.67 μm. The second larval stage is hymenopteriform and lasted from 5 to 13 days postoviposition, and grew from 920.2 ± 24.65 to 1352.4 ± 11.89 μm total length before pupating. The pupal period lasted about 11 days, with male pupae being shorter and thinner than female pupae. These findings differ from previous descriptions of T. gerriphagus, and it is suspected that the first instar was mistakenly divided into two stadia. The sex ratio under laboratory conditions was female biased (22% males), and males were smaller but did not emerge significantly earlier than females.

The Hydraenidae of Cuba (Insecta: Coleoptera) II: Morphology of preimaginal stages of six species and notes on their biology

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4238 (4) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALBERT DELER-HERNÁNDEZ ◽  
JUAN A. DELGADO
Keyword(s):  
Instar Larva ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Preimaginal Stages ◽  
First Time ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

Preimaginal stages of the six species of Hydraenidae presently known from Cuba were obtained by rearing adults in the laboratory. Eggs of Hydraena perkinsi Spangler, 1980, H. decui Spangler, 1980 and H. franklyni Deler-Hernández & Delgado, 2012 are described and illustrated for the first time. The first instar larva of Gymnochthebius fossatus (LeConte, 1855) is redescribed, adding some new remarkable morphological characters including what could be the first abdominal egg-burster reported for this family. All larval instars of H. perkinsi, H. guadelupensis Orchymont, 1923 and Ochthebius attritus LeConte, 1878 are described and illustrated for the first time, with a special emphasis on their chaetotaxy. The second instar larva of G. fossatus along with first and third instar larvae of H. decui and H. franklyni are also studied for the first time. The pupal morphology and vestiture of a species belonging to the genus Hydraena are described for the first time, based on the pupa of H. perkinsi. Biological notes for several preimaginal stages of the studied species are also given. 

CHAETOPHLEPSIS NASELLENSIS, A DIPTEROUS PARASITOID OF THE WESTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (8) ◽  
pp. 1121-1128
Author(s):  
Richard D. Medley ◽  
V. M. Carolin
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Western Hemlock Looper ◽  
Lambdina Fiscellaria Lugubrosa ◽  
Hemlock Looper

AbstractPreserved material from 1962 field studies provided information on the habits and morphology of the tachinid parasitoid Chaetophlepsis nasellensis Reinhard. Parasitization of the larvae of the western hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hulst), continues over a 30- to 40-day period. Maggots issue from the host larvae and drop to the ground to pupate. The pupae normally overwinter, with adults emerging the following spring or summer. The early first-instar larva differs markedly from the late first-instar. The three instars can be distinguished on the basis of body length and the structure and form of the buccopharyngeal apparatus. The first and third larval instars and the puparium are distinctive enough to permit easy identification during studies of the western hemlock looper and associated loopers.

scholarly journals Host-finding behaviour in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus

2011 ◽  
Vol 278 (1722) ◽  
pp. 3260-3269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico D. Brown ◽  
Isabella D'Anna ◽  
Ralf J. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Host Finding ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Pristionchus Pacificus ◽  
Defective Mutant ◽  
Ecological Functionality ◽  
La Réunion Island

Costs and benefits of foraging have been studied in predatory animals. In nematodes, ambushing or cruising behaviours represent adaptations that optimize foraging strategies for survival and host finding. A behaviour associated with host finding of ambushing nematode dauer juveniles is a sit-and-wait behaviour, otherwise known as nictation. Here, we test the function of nictation by relating occurrence of nictation in Pristionchus pacificus dauer juveniles to the ability to attach to laboratory host Galleria mellonella . We used populations of recently isolated and mutagenized laboratory strains. We found that nictation can be disrupted using a classical forward genetic approach and characterized two novel nictation-defective mutant strains. We identified two recently isolated strains from la Réunion island, one with a higher proportion of nictating individuals than the laboratory strain P. pacificus PS312. We found a positive correlation between nictation frequencies and host attachment in these strains. Taken together, our combination of genetic analyses with natural variation studies presents a new approach to the investigation of behavioural and ecological functionality. We show that nictation behaviour in P. pacificus nematodes serves as a host-finding behaviour. Our results suggest that nictation plays a role in the evolution of new life-history strategies, such as the evolution of parasitism.

scholarly journals Impact of Galleria Mellonella and Achroia Grisella (Wax Moth) to Apiculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6-
Author(s):  
Vinita Paulina Topno et al., Vinita Paulina Topno et al., ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Achroia Grisella ◽  
Wax Moth

scholarly journals Observations on the Biology and Larval Instars Discrimination of Wax Moth Achroia grisella F. (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera)

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montasir Omer Mahgoub ◽  
Wei Hong Lau ◽  
Dzolkhifli Bin Omar
Keyword(s):  
Larval Instars ◽  
Achroia Grisella ◽  
Wax Moth

scholarly journals Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) isolates on fig moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker) Larvae

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 943-951
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Ephestia Cautella ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Paper Method

The following dilution 5×10-1, 10-1, 10?2 , 10-3 gm/L for the indigenous isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria and the commercially isalate were used for experiments against the different stages of fig moth of E.cautella which exposed by filter paper method. The results showed that mortality of larval stages was increased with the increasing concentration of the biocide, in addition to increase in the mortality of the larval stages reached to the highest percentage in the third days of treatment of the larval stage in comparison with the first and second days of exposure. The results also showed that the sensitivity of larval stages was increased in first and second instars while reduced in the last instars .The high percentage of first instar mortality for the indigenous isolate in the concentration of 5×10-1 was 72.8% , while the low percentage of mortality showed in the concentration of 5×10-1 for the fifth instar larvae which was 13.3% in third days of treatment while a high percentage of mortality was showed for the first instar larvae for the commercially isulate in the concentration of 5×10-1 was 59.4% Furthermore, low percentage of mortality was shown in the concentration of 5×10-1 in fifth instar larval which was 8.3% in the third days of treatment. The results also showed that the indigenous isolated was more effective than the commercially produced bacteria for killing larval instars of fig moth E.cautella .The total percentage of larval instar mortality reached to 44.5 % after the third days of treatment in concentration 5×10-1 in the indigenous isolate , and it was 33.8 % in the commercially produced bacteria .

scholarly journals Transcriptional variation and divergence of host-finding behaviour in Steinernema carpocapsae infective juveniles

BMC Genomics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil D. Warnock ◽  
Deborah Cox ◽  
Ciaran McCoy ◽  
Robert Morris ◽  
Johnathan J. Dalzell
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Host Finding ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Infective Juvenile ◽  
Neuronal Genes ◽  
Sodium Transporter

Abstract Background Steinernema carpocapsae is an entomopathogenic nematode that employs nictation and jumping behaviours to find potential insect hosts. Here we aimed to investigate the transcriptional basis of variant host-finding behaviours in the infective juvenile (IJ) stage of three S. carpocapsae strains (ALL, Breton and UK1), with a focus on neuronal genes known to influence behaviour in other nematode species. Identifying gene expression changes that correlate with variant host-finding behaviours will further our understanding of nematode biology. Results RNA-seq analysis revealed that whilst up to 28% of the S. carpocapsae transcriptome was differentially expressed (P < 0.0001) between strains, remarkably few of the most highly differentially expressed genes (> 2 log2 fold change, P < 0.0001) were from neuronal gene families. S. carpocapsae Breton displays increased chemotaxis toward the laboratory host Galleria mellonella, relative to the other strains. This correlates with the up-regulation of four srsx chemosensory GPCR genes, and a sodium transporter gene, asic-2, relative to both ALL and UK1 strains. The UK1 strain exhibits a decreased nictation phenotype relative to ALL and Breton strains, which correlates with co-ordinate up-regulation of neuropeptide like protein 36 (nlp-36), and down-regulation of an srt family GPCR gene, and a distinct asic-2-like sodium channel paralogue. To further investigate the link between transcriptional regulation and behavioural variation, we sequenced microRNAs across IJs of each strain. We have identified 283 high confidence microRNA genes, yielding 321 predicted mature microRNAs in S. carpocapsae, and find that up to 36% of microRNAs are differentially expressed (P < 0.0001) between strains. Many of the most highly differentially expressed microRNAs (> 2 log2 fold, P < 0.0001) are predicted to regulate a variety of neuronal genes that may contribute to variant host-finding behaviours. We have also found evidence for differential gene isoform usage between strains, which alters predicted microRNA interactions, and could contribute to the diversification of behaviour. Conclusions These data provide insight to the transcriptional basis of behavioural variation in S. carpocapsae, supporting efforts to understand the molecular basis of complex behaviours in nematodes.

LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE WILLOW BEAKED GALL MIDGE, MAYETIOLA RIGIDAE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN MICHIGAN

1968 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Salix Discolor

AbstractThe willow beaked gall midge, Mayetiola rigidae (Osten Sacken), is univoltine in Michigan. Adults emerge from bud galls on Salix discolor Mühl. and other willows on mornings of warm days in early April. Eggs are laid singly on or near the buds of the host. Head capsule measurements indicate three larval instars. The last two instars each possess a spatula. The first-instar larva emerges in late April and penetrates the soft bud tissues. The gall begins to develop at the beginning of the second instar in mid-May. The third instar appears in early July and continues to enlarge the gall until fall. Prior to overwintering, the larva lines the inner chamber of the gall with silk and constructs one to seven silken septa across the passageway. Pupation occurs in mid-March. The gall deforms the stem and occasionally a galled branch dies or breaks off.

Larval respiratory systems of two anthomyiid flies, Delia radicum and Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. Biron ◽  
D. Coderre ◽  
S. Fournet ◽  
J.P. Nénon ◽  
J. Le Lannic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Delia Antiqua ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Respiratory Systems

AbstractThe first-instar larvae of Delia radicum (L.) and Delia antiqua (Meigen) enter host plants to feed in galleries. These galleries can be filled by a liquid resulting from the putrefaction of the host. In this study, we show that D. radicum and D. antiqua larvae have a metapneustic respiratory system in the first instar and an amphipneustic respiratory system in the second instar, as observed in the majority of cyclorrhaphous Diptera. In addition, we observed four spatulate, ramified structures on the postabdominal spiracles in all three larval instars. We propose that these structures facilitate gas exchange (CO2 and O2), especially in the first-instar larvae when they feed in liquid-filled galleries.

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