Larval respiratory systems of two anthomyiid flies, Delia radicum and Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. Biron ◽  
D. Coderre ◽  
S. Fournet ◽  
J.P. Nénon ◽  
J. Le Lannic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Delia Antiqua ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Respiratory Systems

AbstractThe first-instar larvae of Delia radicum (L.) and Delia antiqua (Meigen) enter host plants to feed in galleries. These galleries can be filled by a liquid resulting from the putrefaction of the host. In this study, we show that D. radicum and D. antiqua larvae have a metapneustic respiratory system in the first instar and an amphipneustic respiratory system in the second instar, as observed in the majority of cyclorrhaphous Diptera. In addition, we observed four spatulate, ramified structures on the postabdominal spiracles in all three larval instars. We propose that these structures facilitate gas exchange (CO2 and O2), especially in the first-instar larvae when they feed in liquid-filled galleries.

Excretion-retention diagram to evaluate gas exchange properties of vertebrate respiratory systems

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (3) ◽  
pp. R329-R338
Author(s):  
A. Zwart ◽  
S. C. Luijendijk
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Mathematical Formulation ◽  
Mass Conservation ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Respiratory Systems ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Ventilation And Perfusion

Excretion [E = (PE - PI)/(PV - PI)] and retention [R = (Pa - PI)/(PV -PI)]are completely model-free defined variables which describe the dual input-output black-box representation of vertebrate respiratory systems under steady-state conditions. In the excretion-retention diagram (E-R diagram), E is plotted as a function of R. The application of the principle of mass conservation confines the possible combinations of E and R for a gas with a blood-gas partition coefficient, lambda, in a respiratory system with an overall ventilation, VT, and an overall perfusion, QT, to E = (lambda QT/VT) (1 - R). In general, E can be described as a continuous function of R. The mathematical formulation of this function depends on the configuration of the respiratory system. Easily recognizable curvatures are obtained for counter-cross, and cocurrent systems with and without parallel inhomogeneities. Visual inspection of actual E and R data displayed in an E-R diagram therefore allows the correct choice of the configuration of the respiratory system to be eventually used for further parameter estimation schemes. The E-R diagram is also a powerful tutorial tool for visualizing the complex relationships between the gas exchange of agents with different physical properties and the consequences of changes in ventilation and perfusion distribution within the respiratory system on gas transport.

scholarly journals The interactions between respiratory and cardiovascular systems in systolic heart failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy James Cross ◽  
Chul-Ho Kim ◽  
Bruce D. Johnson ◽  
Sophie Lalande
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Respiratory Mechanics ◽  
Systolic Heart Failure ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Pulmonary Gas Exchange ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Respiratory Systems ◽  
The Impact

Heart failure (HF) is a complex and multifaceted disease. The disease affects multiple organ systems, including the respiratory system. This review provides three unique examples illustrating how the cardiovascular and respiratory systems interrelate because of the pathology of HF. Specifically, these examples outline the impact of HF pathophysiology on 1) respiratory mechanics and the mechanical “cost” of breathing; 2) mechanical interactions of the heart and lungs; and on 3) abnormalities of pulmonary gas exchange during exercise, and how this may be applied to treatment. The goal of this review is to, therefore, raise the awareness that HF, though primarily a disease of the heart, is accompanied by marked pathology of the respiratory system.

scholarly journals Notes on the life history of Aguna megacles megacles (Mabille, 1888) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Eudaminae) feeding on Bauhinia species in the State of Alagoas, Brazil

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Ayane Suênia-Bastos ◽  
Suianne O. S. Cajé ◽  
Jefferson Duarte-de-Mélo ◽  
Iracilda M. M. Lima
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
The State ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Environmental Protection Area ◽  
Protection Area ◽  
History Of

Eudaminae Mabille, 1877 (Hesperiidae), recognized as subfamily recently, is rich in Brazil. It is along the Neotropical Region where a significant part of the diversity is found, however, information that involves the biology of species is poorly yet. This paper gathers new bioecological data of an Aguna species from the municipality of Maceió (Alagoas, Brazil), close to the Environmental Protection Area of “Catolé” and “Fernão Velho”, a remnant of Atlantic Forest. Leaves containing eggs were collected in a peri-urban area (9° 33’ 26” S, 35° 46’ 36” W) and taken to laboratory to observe post-embryonic development. Larvae were also collected from another host plant in an intra-urban area (9° 39’ 40” S, 35° 41’ 58” W). The specimens were identified as Aguna megacles megacles (Mabille, 1888) and the two Fabaceae as Bauhinia pentandra (Bong.) D. Dietr. and Bauhinia monandra Kurz. from exsiccates deposited at the Herbarium. Rearing from the eggs collected on B. pentandra exposes a post-embryonic development that lasted 53.4 days for six larval instars individuals, and 46 days for the five larval instars specimen. The larvae built a shelter since the first instar and in laboratory conditions they preferred pupate on the base of the cage. This is the first report of development features for A. m. megacles, including six and five larval instars, as well as a new locality for the State of Alagoas, and two more host plants of Bauhinia suggesting specialist behavior.

THE EGGS AND LARVAE OF PACHYBRACHIS PECCANS AND P. BIVITTATUS, WITH A KEY TO THE KNOWN IMMATURE STAGES OF THE NEARCTIC GENERA OF CRYPTOCEPHALINAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent LeSage
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
First Instar ◽  
June July ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

AbstractThe egg and larval instars of Pachybrachis peccans Suffrian and P. bivittatus Say are described and illustrated. Adults of both species appear in late May, feed on willow leaves, mate and oviposit in June–July. The larvae, unable to climb the host plants, feed in the leaf litter of dead leaves of willow; they reach the second-last or last instar by the end of the fall; then they seal their case and overwinter. Pupation occurs the following spring, probably in early May.Larval instars can be distinguished as follows: first instar with egg bursters on meso- and metathorax, with typical head chaetotaxy consisting of flattened-papillate setae and 1 pair of very long simple setae, and tibiae with 2 pairs of spiniform setae; older instars without egg bursters, and showing differences in size, in head and pronotal chaetotaxy, and in the number of spiniform setae on the tibiae.In the larvae, the premental sclerites of the head seem to be present throughout the Campsomata, a group with case-bearing larvae and not only in the Lamprosomatinae as previously reported.

scholarly journals Root-associated entomopathogenic fungi manipulate host plants to attract herbivorous insects

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Belén Cotes ◽  
Gunda Thöming ◽  
Carol V. Amaya-Gómez ◽  
Ondřej Novák ◽  
Christian Nansen
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Host Plant Selection ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Herbivorous Insect ◽  
Insect Performance ◽  
Leaf Reflectance

AbstractRoot-associated entomopathogenic fungi (R-AEF) indirectly influence herbivorous insect performance. However, host plant-R-AEF interactions and R-AEF as biological control agents have been studied independently and without much attention to the potential synergy between these functional traits. In this study, we evaluated behavioral responses of cabbage root flies [Delia radicum L. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)] to a host plant (white cabbage cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba cv. Castello L.) with and without the R-AEF Metarhizium brunneum (Petch). We performed experiments on leaf reflectance, phytohormonal composition and host plant location behavior (behavioral processes that contribute to locating and selecting an adequate host plant in the environment). Compared to control host plants, R-AEF inoculation caused, on one hand, a decrease in reflectance of host plant leaves in the near-infrared portion of the radiometric spectrum and, on the other, an increase in the production of jasmonic, (+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine and salicylic acid in certain parts of the host plant. Under both greenhouse and field settings, landing and oviposition by cabbage root fly females were positively affected by R-AEF inoculation of host plants. The fungal-induced change in leaf reflectance may have altered visual cues used by the cabbage root flies in their host plant selection. This is the first study providing evidence for the hypothesis that R-AEF manipulate the suitability of their host plant to attract herbivorous insects.

scholarly journals Assortments of Digestive Enzymes Induced in First Instar Larvae of Busseola fusca Feeding on Different Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117954331984352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérald Juma ◽  
Bruno Le Ru ◽  
Paul-André Calatayud
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Host Acceptance ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sub Saharan

The stem borer Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest of maize and sorghum in sub-Saharan Africa. This insect has oligophagous feeding habits, feeding mostly on maize and sorghum with a narrow range of wild Poaceous plant species. We hypothesised that first instar B. fusca larvae, the critical stage for successful establishment on a host plant, can establish and then grow on a particular plant as a result of induction of a complement of digestive enzymes that mediates host acceptance at first instars. A fast semi-quantitative analysis of potentially digestive enzymatic activities present in the first larvae previously fed for 4 days on leaves of host and non-host plants was performed using the API-ZYM kit system able to detect a multiplex of enzyme activities. Regardless of the plant species, the larvae exhibited higher activities of the carbohydrate metabolising enzymes than of aminopeptidases and proteases. In addition, highest activities of carbohydrates degrading enzymes were exhibited by larvae that consumed leaves of the most preferred plant species of B. fusca. Conversely, esterases were only detected in neonate larvae that consumed leaves of the less preferred and non-host plants. No alkaline phosphatase and lipase activities were detected. The significance of these results was discussed in terms of food requirements of first instar larvae when settling on a plant.

The Hydraenidae of Cuba (Insecta: Coleoptera) II: Morphology of preimaginal stages of six species and notes on their biology

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4238 (4) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALBERT DELER-HERNÁNDEZ ◽  
JUAN A. DELGADO
Keyword(s):  
Instar Larva ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Preimaginal Stages ◽  
First Time ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

Preimaginal stages of the six species of Hydraenidae presently known from Cuba were obtained by rearing adults in the laboratory. Eggs of Hydraena perkinsi Spangler, 1980, H. decui Spangler, 1980 and H. franklyni Deler-Hernández & Delgado, 2012 are described and illustrated for the first time. The first instar larva of Gymnochthebius fossatus (LeConte, 1855) is redescribed, adding some new remarkable morphological characters including what could be the first abdominal egg-burster reported for this family. All larval instars of H. perkinsi, H. guadelupensis Orchymont, 1923 and Ochthebius attritus LeConte, 1878 are described and illustrated for the first time, with a special emphasis on their chaetotaxy. The second instar larva of G. fossatus along with first and third instar larvae of H. decui and H. franklyni are also studied for the first time. The pupal morphology and vestiture of a species belonging to the genus Hydraena are described for the first time, based on the pupa of H. perkinsi. Biological notes for several preimaginal stages of the studied species are also given. 

Delia radicum. [Distribution map].

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Cabbage Root Fly ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Delia radicum (L.) (Hylemya brassicae(Bch.)) (Dipt., Anthomyiidae) (Cabbage root fly). Host Plants: Brassica spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE (excl. USSR), Austria, Azores, Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, ASIA (excl. USSR), Israel, Turkey, USSR, AFRICA, Madeira, Morocco, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, USA.

CHAETOPHLEPSIS NASELLENSIS, A DIPTEROUS PARASITOID OF THE WESTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (8) ◽  
pp. 1121-1128
Author(s):  
Richard D. Medley ◽  
V. M. Carolin
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Western Hemlock Looper ◽  
Lambdina Fiscellaria Lugubrosa ◽  
Hemlock Looper

AbstractPreserved material from 1962 field studies provided information on the habits and morphology of the tachinid parasitoid Chaetophlepsis nasellensis Reinhard. Parasitization of the larvae of the western hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hulst), continues over a 30- to 40-day period. Maggots issue from the host larvae and drop to the ground to pupate. The pupae normally overwinter, with adults emerging the following spring or summer. The early first-instar larva differs markedly from the late first-instar. The three instars can be distinguished on the basis of body length and the structure and form of the buccopharyngeal apparatus. The first and third larval instars and the puparium are distinctive enough to permit easy identification during studies of the western hemlock looper and associated loopers.

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