RESPIRATION OF FISHES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON STANDARD OXYGEN CONSUMPTION: I. INFLUENCE OF WEIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ON RESPIRATION OF GOLDFISH, CARASSIUS AURATUS L.

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish ◽  
P. S. Mookherjii
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Simultaneous Measurements ◽  
Proportionate Change ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
External Stimuli

Standard oxygen consumption of goldfish was estimated in relation to weight and temperature from simultaneous measurements of routine oxygen uptake and spontaneous activity. The relation between weight and standard oxygen consumption was expressed as a logarithmic linear regression. For a given shift in temperature, the proportionate change in standard oxygen consumption appears to be independent of weight. The mean slope of the regressions was found to be 0.850.The standard rate of a 100-g goldfish increased linearly, on a semilogarithmic grid, over the temperature range of 10 to 35 °C. The estimates found in the present study were less than the lowest applicable values that could be found in the literature.The average routine rate of oxygen consumption suggests that goldfish display a considerable amount of spontaneous activity despite the elimination of external stimuli.

RESPIRATION OF FISHES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON STANDARD OXYGEN CONSUMPTION: II. INFLUENCE OF WEIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ON RESPIRATION OF SEVERAL SPECIES

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
White Sucker ◽  
Brown Bullhead ◽  
Ictalurus Nebulosus ◽  
Proportionate Change ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
The Mean

Standard oxygen consumption, as estimated by simultaneously measuring spontaneous activity and oxygen consumption, for five species of freshwater fishes, was measured in relation to weight and temperature. The fish studied were brown trout, Sulmo trutta; brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis; common white sucker, Catostomus commersonii; brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus; and carp, Cyprinus carpio. When expressed on a logarithmic grid, standard oxygen uptake increased linearly with weight for all species. The proportionate change in standard oxygen consumption for a given change in temperature appears to be independent of size within each species. The mean slope values of the regressions found for brown trout, brook trout, common white sucker, brown bullhead, and carp are 0.877, 1.052, 0.864, 0.925, and 0.894, respectively.The standard rates of oxygen consumption found in the present investigation are less in most cases than the lowest applicable values that could be found in the literature.Spontaneous activity, expressed in terms of average oxygen consumption over the standard rate, varied with temperature. Maximum spontaneous activity for a given species coincided roughly with its preferendum temperature.

Action of adenosine on energetics, protein synthesis and K(+) homeostasis in teleost hepatocytes

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (17) ◽  
pp. 2657-2665 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Krumschnabel ◽  
C. Biasi ◽  
W. Wieser
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Inhibition Of Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
A1 Receptor ◽  
Lactate Formation

In a comparative study, we analysed the effects of adenosine on the energetics, protein synthesis and K(+)homeostasis of hepatocytes from the anoxia-tolerant goldfish Carassius auratus and the anoxia-intolerant trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The rate of oxygen consumption did not respond immediately to the addition of adenosine to the cells from either species, but showed a significant decrease in trout hepatocytes after 30 min. The anaerobic rate of lactate formation was not significantly affected by adenosine in goldfish hepatocytes, but was increased in trout cells. We also studied the effects of adenosine on the two most prominent ATP consumers in these cells, protein synthesis and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity. Under aerobic conditions, adenosine inhibited protein synthesis of hepatocytes from goldfish by 51% and of hepatocytes from trout by 32%. During anoxia, the rate of protein synthesis decreased by approximately 50% in goldfish hepatocytes and by 90% in trout hepatocytes, and this decrease was not altered by the presence of adenosine. Adenosine inhibited normoxic Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and K(+)efflux by 20–35% in the cells of both species. An investigation into the mechanism underlying the inhibition of protein synthesis by adenosine indicated that, in the goldfish cells, adenosine acts via a membrane receptor-mediated pathway, i.e. the effect of adenosine was abolished by applying the A1 receptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline. In the trout, however, the uptake of adenosine into hepatocytes seems to be required for an effect on protein synthesis. [Ca(2+)](i) does not seem to be involved in the inhibition of protein synthesis by adenosine.

The Swimming of Nymphon Gracile (Pycnogonida): The Energetics of Swimming at Constant Depth

1977 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-211
Author(s):  
ELFED MORGAN
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Tidal Cycle ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Constant Depth ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tide Period

1. The mechanical power required by Nymphon for swimming at constant depth has been calculated from drag forces acting on the legs. For an adult male this was found to be 3.4 W kg. Only about 60% of this is used to support the animal's weight in water. 2. The metabolic rate fluctuates spontaneously over a tidal cycle, being greatest during the ebb-tide period. The mean rate of oxygen consumption during the animals least active phase was found to be about 0.1 μlO2 mg−1 h−1. 3. The total carbohydrate and lipid immediately available for combustion have been estimated at 4.64 and 16 μg/mg wet wt respectively. These quantities should be adequate for about 42 h periodic swimming in an adult Nymphon.

RESPIRATION OF FISHES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON STANDARD OXYGEN CONSUMPTION: III. INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Standard Metabolism ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Rate

Standard oxygen consumption was determined in relation to various partial pressures of oxygen for eastern brook trout at 10° and 15 °C, and for carp and goldfish at 10° and 20 °C. Two conditions of oxygen acclimation were compared. In one case acclimation was to air saturation while in the other acclimation was to each of the partial pressures of oxygen applied.Down to a partial pressure of oxygen of approximately 80 mm Hg, standard oxygen uptake remained approximately constant, and further, the rates for the two differently acclimated groups were about equal. Below 80 mm Hg the standard rate first increased to a maximum and then, with a further reduction in the partial pressure, decreased. Below 80 mm Hg the standard rate of oxygen consumption was in all cases less for the fish acclimated to the low level of oxygen than for those acclimated to air saturation.Comparison of standard and active values suggests that the increase in standard rate of oxygen uptake in response to low oxygen does not reach the active level as suggested earlier by Fry (1947). The suggestion is made that a fraction of standard metabolism is derived anaerobically in low levels of oxygen. Further, it appears that acclimation to a low level of oxygen enhances the anaerobic fraction of standard metabolism.

The Effect of Fin–Clipping on the Cruising Speed of Goldfish and Coho Salmon Fry

1950 ◽  
Vol 8a (2) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland W. Radcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Loss Of Stability ◽  
Stability And Control ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

Goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) and coho salmon fry (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum) were acclimatized to temperatures of 20 °C. and 3 °C. respectively. The fish were placed, one at a time, once a day, for ten days, in a rotating annular chamber and the cruising speed was found. Then various fins were removed and the fish were given ten more trials. The mean cruising speeds before and after clipping were compared. The clipped fish suffered no loss in ability to swim at a constant rate. The data suggest that, for fish of a given weight and length, cruising speed is slightly improved by clipping. Any increased mortality in marked fish is due to loss of stability and control rather than loss in ability to swim steadily.

scholarly journals Oxygen consumption, ventilatory frequency and heart rate of lampreys (Lampetra fluviatilis) during their spawning run

1975 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-206
Author(s):  
P. N. Claridge ◽  
I. C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Lampetra Fluviatilis ◽  
Ventilatory Frequency ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
Spawning Run ◽  
Logarithmic Relationship

1. The standard rate of oxygen consumption, ventilatory frequency and heart rate of adult Lampetra fluviatilis were measured during the light phase of the photoperiod and at times corresponding to various stages in the upstream migration. 2. All three parameters increased during the spawning run but only in mature individuals were significant differences found between the sexes. 3. The regression coefficients for the logarithmic relationship between oxygen consumption and body weight of immature animals were 0.912 and 0.925 at 9.5 and 16 degrees C respectively. 4. Both the standard rate of oxygen consumption and the amount of oxygen taken up during activity increased greatly during the hours of darkness. 5. Oxygen consumption, ventilatory frequency and, to a lesser extent, heart rate increased significantly at 9.5 degrees C over the 100–20% range of saturation with air. 6. Below 20% saturation with air, lampreys no longer remained attached by their oral disc for prolonged periods and the ventilatory frequency rose even more rapidly to reach a maximum of 175 beats/min at 12.5%. Exposure to 7.5% resulted in death within 5–8 h.

Hibernation in the Eastern Pygmy Possum, Cercartetus-Nanus (Marsupialia, Burramyidae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Geiser
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daily Torpor ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cercartetus Nanus ◽  
Torpor Bouts

The pattern of torpor was examined in the eastern pygmy possum, Cercartetus nanus (21 g). Animals displayed torpor regularly in the laboratory, and the occurrence of torpor increased with decreasing air temperature (T(a)). At high T(a) (18-degrees-C) animals usually exhibited daily torpor, but torpor bouts of up to 2 days were observed occasionally. The duration of torpor bouts lengthened with a lowering of T(a) and the mean bout duration at T(a) = 5-degrees-C was 17.0 +/- 2.5 days. The minimum metabolic rate (measured as rate of oxygen consumption) of torpid individuals was 0.018 +/- 0.003 mL O2 g-1 h-1, which is less than 2% of the basal metabolic rate. The body temperature (T(b)) Of torpid animals fell to a minimum of 1.3 +/- 0.4-degrees-C. These results clearly demonstrate that Cercartetus nanus is a deep hibernator.

The Swimming Energetics of Trout

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. WEBB
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Muscle System ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
The Difference

1. The oxygen consumption of rainbow trout was measured at a variety of subfatigue swimming speeds, at a temperature of 15 %C. Five groups of fish were used, a control group and four groups with extra drag loads attached to the body. 2. The logarithm of oxygen consumption was linearly related to swimming speed in all five groups, the slope of the relationship increasing with the size of the extra drag load. The mean standard rate of oxygen consumption was 72.5 mg O2/kg wet weight/h. The active rate of oxygen consumption was highest for the control group (628 mg O2/kg/h) and fell with increasing size of the attached drag load. The active rate for the control group was high in comparison with other salmonid fish, and in comparison with the value expected for the fish. This was not a result of the extra drag loads in the other groups. No explanation for this high value can be found. 3. The critical swimming speed for a 60 min test period was 58.1 cm/sec (2.0 body lengths/sec) for the control group. The values for the critical swimming speeds were slightly higher than those measured for the same species in a previous paper (Webb, 1971). The difference between the two sets of critical swimming speeds is attributed to seasonal changes in swimming performance. 4. The aerobic efficiency was found to reach values of 14.5-15.5% based on the energy released by aerobic metabolism in comparison with the calculated required thrust. 5. The anaerobic contribution to the total energy budget in increasing-velocity tests is considered to be small, and can be neglected. 6. It is concluded that the efficiency of the muscle system in cruising will be approximately 17-20% over the upper 80% of the cruising-speed range, while the caudal propeller efficiency will increase from about 15-75 % over the same range. 7. Consideration of the efficiency values for the caudal propeller calculated here, and those predicted by Lighthill's (1969) model of fish propulsion, suggest that the efficiency of the propeller system will reach an optimum value at the maximum cruising speeds of most fish, and will remain close to this value at spring speeds.

The oxygen consumption of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) after removal or autotransplantation of the pituitary gland

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1289-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Johansen ◽  
J. D. Gomery
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus

After either pituitary removal or pituitary autotransplantation, the routine oxygen consumption of goldfish is reduced significantly from control levels. A similar pattern appears to be reflected by the oxygen consumption of white muscle tissue.

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