Regularities of the Growth of Pedunculate Oak (QUERCUS ROBUR L., 1753) in the Protective Plantings of the Steppe and Forest-steppe of the Volga Upland

The purpose of the study is to establish the regularities of the growth of pedunculate Oak in protective forest stands on erosion-prone slopes in the conditions of the steppe and forest-steppe of the Volga Upland. Studies have established a regular decrease in the height of the petiolate oak on the southern chernozem and gray forest soil by 6.9-11.3% with an increase in the slope of the slope by 2 times, which is associated with a drop in soil fertility as a result of increased erosion. The index of oak growth intensity with an increase in the slope slope increases on both types of soils by 21.4-38.5%, and the productivity of cambium decreases by 14.1-23.6%. The same trends in the dynamics of taxation indicators are characteristic of the accompanying species of petiolate oak-holly maple and small-leaved linden. The coefficients of determination of the relationship of growth in the height of the pedunculate oak from the indicator of growth intensity and productivity of cambium are 0.95-0.98, which indicates a close interdependence.

EFFECT OF CHLORELLA MICROHYDROGEN SUSPENSION ON PRODUCTIVITY AND GROWTH INTENSITY OF LAMBS

The work was performed in Rozdilnyanske LLC of Rozdilnyansky district of Odessa region. For research, 5 groups of suckling ewes of the Gypsy breed were formed with 10 heads each, one of the groups was a control. Groups were formed by the method of analogue groups taking into account the breed, age in lambs, live weight, which was 50 kg. Chlorella microalgae suspension was fed to ewes in the first 20 days of lactation, in the amount of 3; 5; 7; 9 ml per 1 kg of live weight. Growth intensity, external parameters, and hematological and biochemical composition of blood were determined in newborn lambs at the age of 20 days according to generally accepted methods. It was found that feeding a suspension of chlorella microalgae to lactating ewes at the rate of 3, 5, 7, 9 ml per 1 kg of live weight increases milk productivity by 2.6-4.4 times and live weight of the offspring by 58.8-96.9%, compared to ewes that did not use chlorella microalgae suspension. With an increase in the amount of chlorella microalgae suspension in the diet of lactating ewes, the absolute increase in live weight of their offspring increases by 2.4-4.5 times. The average daily increase in live weight of lambs ranged from 199 g to 339.5 g

The growth rate of repair young pigs of Irish origin, depending on the combination of the original breeds

The article studied the growth dynamics of purebred and local gilts from birth to 180 days of age. The growth rate of these animals during the rearing period and the regularities of the difference in the growth rate of purebred and local pigs were also investigated. The uneven growth dynamics of both purebred and local replacement gilts has been established. The pigs obtained from the direct and reverse variants of crossbreeding of parental breeds grew more dynamically in comparison with their peers obtained from the purebred variant of breeding of the original breeds. Among purebred gilts, by weaning, the live weight of the Landrace breed increased more dynamically, while after weaning, the animals of the large white breed stood out with a greater intensity increase in live weight. Local gilts did not have a significant difference in the increase in live weight depending on the crossing option, although there was a tendency for a higher increase in live weight with age in pigs from Large White queens and Landrace boars compared to the reciprocal crossing option. During the period of rearing gilts, the highest growth rates were observed in local sows, both from the direct and reverse variants of crossing the animals of the original breeds. Purebred animals of both original breeds were inferior in growth intensity during the period of breeding to their local counterparts 3.0 – 6.3%. Among purebred animals, the least intensive growth during the period of breeding was the Landrace pigs, which were inferior in these indicators to the analogs of the Large White breed by 3.2%, and to the local pigs of both combinations by 6.3%. The advantages in live weight of local replacement gilts are due to their greater growth intensity in the period from weaning to testing at 180 days, which in turn is due to various forms of heterosis manifestation. Key words: mumps, parent breeds, purebred breeding, crossing, heterosis, live weight, growth rate.

RELATIONSHIP OF LAMB INTERIOR INDICATORS OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES WITH THEIR PRODUCTIVITY

The aim of the research is increasing the productive indicators of replacement sheep of different genotypes by im-proving the interior indicators. To conduct the research, three groups of ewe hoggs with 20 heads each were formed: 1 group – ewe hoggs born from stud rams and Akzhaik ewes (AKSHM x AKSHM); 2 group – ewe hoggs born from stud rams of the North Caucasian breed and Akzhaik ewes (SK x AKSHM); 3 group – ewe hoggs born from Kuibyshev stud ram breed and Akzhaik ewes (KB x AKSHM). Blood parameters, live weight at the age of 4 and 8 months, hair cut at the age of 8 months was studied of animals of these groups. It was found that blood parame-ters of the ewe hoggs of different genotypes have significant differences and these affect the indicators of growth intensity and hair cutting. The content of red blood cells and hemoglobin of ewe hoggs from group 3 was higher by 0.551012/l and 9.32 g/l, respectively, than of ones from group 1. The biochemical blood parameters of crossbred ewe hoggs from groups 3 and 2 at 4 and 8 months of age in terms of total protein by 2.84 and 4.73 g/l, glucose – by 0.86 and 1.02 mmol/l exceeded the results of purebred Akzhaik ewe hoggs. Crossbreds of groups 2 and 3 in the 8-month age were superior to their herdmates of Akzhaik breed in live weight by 3.04 and 2.74 kg, and the washed wool cut – by 0.18 and 0.24 kg, respectively.

Activity of alkaline phosphatase in male lamb blood serum in relation to age and growth rate

Purpose: to assess the correlation of serum alkaline phosphatase with the live weight and growth rate of male lambs during the milk and post-milk growing periods.Materials and methods. The study of indicators of serum alkaline phosphatase activity in 74 male lambs aged one and five months was carried out in connection with the intensity of growth and the peculiarities of metabolism. All the male lambs were born at the same time and were raised for up to six months under similar feeding and maintenance conditions. To study the dynamics of changes in the live weight of young animals, individual weighing was carried out monthly with an accuracy of 0.1 kg. Based on the results of weighing, the absolute, relative, and average daily live weight gains were calculated and the animals were divided into three groups. The analysis of the serum for the content of the studied parameters was performed by photometry with the help of the corresponding sets of reagents of the company «VitalDiagnostics SPb».Results. During the observation period, the average increase in live weight of male lambs was 21,14 kg, or 136,75 g per day. At one month of age, the activity of alkaline phosphatase was 188,61±9.50 U/l, and at five months — 100,01±3,58, or 47% (P<0,001) lower. It was found that the activity of the enzyme during the suckling period was positively associated with live weight and growth intensity (r=0,35 and 0,49), and after weaning from mothers — negatively (r = -0,46 and -0,46, respectively). The activity of alkaline phosphatase was consistently increased in monthly male lamb when they moved from a group with lower productivity to a larger one — 160,5 — 191,4 — 214,9, and in five-month-olds, on the contrary, decreased — 121,0 — 98,1 — 80,2 E/l. At the age of one month, the increase in growth intensity was accompanied by an increase in the blood serum of male lamb values of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, glucose, calcium and phosphorus, and a decrease in urea and cholesterol levels. At the age of five months, both the list of links and their vector changed. In the serum of fast-growing animals, the de Ritis coefficient and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase were higher, but the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase was lower.Conclusion. The presence of a correlation between alkaline phosphatase and growth makes it possible to use alkaline phosphatase in zootechnical practice and breeding work as an additional criterion for the growth potential of male lambs up to six months in the early stages of ontogenesis. However, the change in the nature of the relationship from plus to minus implies a differentiated approach in the use of this indicator, taking into account the age of the male lambs.

Linking Mineral Nutrition and Fruit Quality to Growth Intensity and Crop Load in Apple

Diagnostic of the nutritional status in fruit trees can be estimated using different models. However, these models usually do not fully match the character of the perennial crops and their accuracy needs to be improved. This study aimed at deepening the understanding of the aspects controlling mineral content of macro- and micronutrients and fruit quality of the apple trees with respect to the crop load and vegetative shoot growth. The focus was given on description of the nutrient content variability in time and space, its relation to important physiological events, and conditions altering their gradient in leaf and fruit. The evaluation was carried out with six years old 'Golden Delicious' apple trees on M9, planted in an experimental orchard. Flowering rate, total yield, shoot growth intensity, mean fruit weight and quality along with mineral content of leaves, and fruit in different development stages were analysed according to intensity of natural or regulated flowering and fruit set, respectively. We found that aside of macroelements, iron, and manganese depended on the crop load. For nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content, their gradient increased up to 10–25% within the sufficiency range as the trees tried to maintain certain level of these nutrients in leaves and fruit simultaneously during deficit. In contrary, the higher content of Mg, Fe, and Mn related to the avoidance of deficit through up to 20–30% higher uptake in trees with higher crop load. Phosphorus, potassium, and calcium content in short fruiting shoots was more stage dependent, showing relation with the timing of cessation of particular meristematic growth activity. If no intense deficit occurred, the trees kept unrestricted initial investment of nutrients in the fruit during cell division stage whatever the crop load was. Their content at the later development stages appeared to be more dependent upon the consumption by particular sink. These findings allowed to improve the interpretation of the fruit trees nutrition status due to adaptation of the reference nutrient content in low cropping trees by a reduction of 5–10% N and P, 10–15% Ca, as well as by an increase of 15–20% K content in leaves at the stage with fruit size of 20 mm, and without change in P content at the stage of about 70% of final fruit size.

INFLUENCE OF LOGGING IN ELM STANDS ON THE COEFFICIENT OF GROWTH INTENSITY

Исследовано состояние 21-летних искусственных насаждений вяза приземистого (Ulmus pumila L.), пройденных рубками ухода различной интенсивности в 14-летнем возрасте. Насаждения созданы в зе- леной зоне г. Нур-Султана Республики Казахстан. В качестве основных показателей состояния вязовых насаждений были использованы значения относительного жизненного состояния и комплексного оценоч- ного показателя (коэффициента напряженности роста). Исследования проводились на двух постоянных пробных площадях (ППП), включающих 12 секций. В ходе исследований установлено, что, несмотря на жесткие аридные условия, выражающиеся в недостатке осадков и высоких летних температурах, искус- ственные вязовые насаждения, произрастающие в зеленой зоне г. Нур-Султана, характеризуются хорошим состоянием. Рубки ухода не оказали существенного влияния на показатели оценки относительного жиз- ненного состояния и комплексного оценочного показателя, поскольку древостои всех секций характеризу- ются как здоровые. Отмечается лишь тенденция к повышению устойчивости насаждений на секциях, где проводились рубки ухода. Учитывая важное значение коэффициента напряженности роста для планиро- вания лесоводственных мероприятий, рекомендуем разработать шкалу значений данного показателя для искусственных вязовых насаждений разного возраста для района исследований. The state of 21-year-old artifi cial plantings of squat elm (Ulmus pumila L.), which were cut down by care of various intensities at the age of 14, was studied. Plantings were created in the green zone of Nur Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan. As the main indicators of the state of elm stands, the values of the relative life state and the complex estimated indicator (growth intensity coeffi cient) were used. The research was carried out on two permanent test areas (SPS), including 12 sections. In the course of research, it was found that, despite the harsh arid conditions, which are expressed in a lack of precipitation and high summer temperatures, artifi cial elm stands growing in the green zone of Nur Sultan are characterized by good condition. The care cuttings did not have a signifi cant impact on the indicators of the relative life status assessment and the integrated assessment indicator, since the stands of all sections are characterized as healthy. There is only a tendency to increase the stability of plantings in the sections where logging was carried out. Given the importance of the growth intensity coeffi cient for planning forestry activities, it is recommended to develop a scale of values for this indicator for artifi cial elm stands of different ages for the research area.

EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS AND VISUALIZATION OF BELARUS POPULATION EXTERNAL MIGRATION INDICATORS

The article considers the absolute and relative indicators of migration in Belarus, in particular the migration balance, migration turnover, the number of persons, who arrived in a certain territory of the country, the number of persons, who left the country, the arrival rate; coefficient of intensity of migration turnover; the coefficient of migratory growth intensity; migration efficiency ratio; relative balance of migration. The article also considers, that population migration significantly affects the socio-economic development of phenomena and processes occurring in the country. In addition, it is described that there are many reasons that motivate the population of a country to migrate, including economic, political, environmental, religious, force majeure circumstances etc. It is also noted that Belarus is one of the agrarian countries of Central and Eastern Europe, a post-Soviet country, which due to political instability in the country is the focus of many media and not only the media but also scientific and analytical publications. The main determinants of emigration and immigration of the population of Belarus are also described in the work. The determinants of emigration from Belarus are the creation of an unfavorable psychological climate for human capital development, political persecution, stable development. The determinants of immigration in Belarus are first of all that fact, that Belarus is industrial and agricultural country, then the fact, that in Belarus the prices for basic necessities are rather lower than in other post-Soviet countries and finally the country has developed industrial and social infrastructure. Absolute and relative indicators of population migration, as well as the average annual population of Belarus were also visualized. The article also analyzes the dynamics of the main indicators of population migration for the period 2001-20019, identifies the highest and lowest values of these indicators. The special attention is given to such indecies as coefficient of intensity of migration turnover; the coefficient of migratory growth intensity. The article also considers that the political crisis in Belarus, which began during the last election campaign in August 2020, will have a negative impact on the situation with a positive dynamics of labor immigration and on the intensity of migration, migration efficiency, etc.