Redescription of Pseudotelorchis compactus (Cable and Sanborn, 1970) Yamaguti, 1971 (Cercomeria: Trematoda: Digenea: Plagiorchiformes) with discussion of its phylogenetic affinities

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1421-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl A. Macdonald ◽  
Daniel R. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Ventral Sucker ◽  
Posterior Margin ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Phylogenetic Affinities

Pseudotelorchis compactus from the oviducts of Emydoidea blandingi is redescribed and its phylogenetic affinities examined. The Ochetosomatidae is considered the sister group of the Telorchiidae based on the shared presence of a well-developed glandular and muscular metraterm, and on the use of tadpoles as second intermediate hosts in the life cycle. The monophyly of the Ochetosomatidae is supported by the presence of relatively short caeca and testes located near the posterior ends of the caeca. The monophyly of the Telorchiidae is supported by the presence of postuterine testes located near the posterior end of the body. Orchidasma is excluded from the Telorchiidae because it possesses a spinose cirrus, spinose metraterm and distal portion of the uterus, and testes separated widely in the hind body by the uterus. Pseudotelorchis is considered monophyletic by virtue of having ovaries with irregular rather than smooth margins, testes that vary from side by side to tandem rather than being consistently tandem, and by inhabiting the oviducts rather than the intestine of the definitive hosts. Pseudotelorchis is the sister group of Loefgrenia plus Telorchis, the latter group diagnosed by having ovaries that are at least half an ovarian diameter posterior to the posterior margin of the ventral sucker rather than proximal to it. Loefgrenia is diagnosed by the absence of an esophagus, while Telorchis is diagnosed by strictly tandem testes with smooth margins and well-ordered ascending and descending uterine loops.

scholarly journals Morphobiological characteristics of trematode cercariae of the families Opisthorchiidae and Notocotylidae

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
О. M. Bonina ◽  
Е. А. Serbina
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Bithynia Tentaculata ◽  
Morphobiological Characteristics

The results of studying the body structure of trematode cercariae of the families Opisthorchiidae and Notocotylidae and the features of their development in Western Siberia are presented. The data of long-term (1994–2019) studies on the spread of these pathogens of dangerous parasitic diseases in humans and animals are analyzed and summarized. The studies were conducted according to generally accepted methods in parasitology and hydrobiology. The species affi  liation of trematodes was determined in laboratory conditions on mature cercariae that independently left the shells of the host mollusks Bithynia tentaculata and B. troscheli. It was noted that the trematodes of the Opisthorchiidae and Notocotylidae families at the cercaria stage have the following similar features: a simple tail, pigmented eyes, and one oral sucking cup. Diagnosis of trematode cercariae of Opisthorchiidae and Notocotylidae families is possible by the following signs: the tail of the opisthorchis cercaria has a swimming membrane and is 2 times longer than the body, the tail of the notocotylid has no swimming membrane and is approximately equal in length to the body. Opisthor-chis cercariae have two pigment eyes, notocotilids – three. In the life cycle of opisthorchis, there are two intermediate hosts (bitinia and fi  sh), in the notocotylid cycle, one (bitinia). Opisthorchis cercariae have penetration glands, but notocotylids do not; the maximum daily emission of opisthorchis cercariae is ten times higher than that of notocotylids (6672 and 422 cercariae, respectively). The ability to diagnose opisthorchis and notocotilid at the cercaria stage allows the identifi cation of local foci of epidemiologically and epizootically dangerous diseases.

Description of Gymnophallus somateriae (Levinsen, 1881) from Macoma inconspicua and diving ducks from Vancouver, Canada

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 801-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilda Lei Ching
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Seminal Vesicle ◽  
Ventral Sucker ◽  
Genital Pore ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diving Ducks ◽  
Excretory Bladder

In the same clam host, the metacercaria of Gymnophallus somateriae differs from those of Lacunovermis conspicuus and Meiogymnophallus multigemmulus in the body shape and spination; small, irregular vitellaria; and lyre-shaped excretory bladder. The adult from diving ducks differs from Levinsen's description in the shorter posterior range of the uterus and shorter length of the eggs. The fusiform body, sucker ratio, location of the ventral sucker in the posterior third of the body, and bipartite seminal vesicle with large distal portion and smaller proximal portion are characteristic of the species. G. somateriae of Odhner (1900, 1905) belongs to a new genus and new species because of the size and location of the genital pore and will be described in the next paper. G. gibberosus Loos-Frank, 1971 is closely related to G. somateriae but has a ventral sucker in the middle third of the body, a uterus only in the anterior half of the body, and a proximal seminal vesicle smaller in diameter than the ventral sucker.

The life cycle of Haplorchis pumilio (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) from the Indian region

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Umadevi ◽  
R. Madhavi
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Large Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Indian Region ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Haplorchis Pumilio ◽  
Thiara Tuberculata

AbstractThe life cycle of the heterophyid fluke, Haplorchis pumilio is elucidated for the first time from the Indian region. Various stages in the life cycle were established based on observations made on natural infections found in snails and fish in a freshwater stream at Visakhapatnam, India and experimental infections carried out in the laboratory. The thiarid snail, Thiara tuberculata served as the first intermediate host and a wide range of freshwater fish as second intermediate hosts. Natural infections with adult flukes were found in the piscivorous birds Ardeola grayii and Bubulcus ibis. Adults were raised experimentally in day-old chicks. Distinguishing features of the cercaria of H. pumilio are: a large body size (200–224×92–96 μm), body–tail ratio of 1:2.1 and densely distributed pigment granules in the parenchyma imparting a brownish tinge to the body. Natural infections with metacercariae were found in the freshwater fish Channa punctatus, C. orientalis, Puntius sophore, Gambusia affinis and fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio and Liza macrolepis. Additionally, experimental infections were established in Therapon jarbua, Esomus danricus and Oreochromis mossambica. Metacercariae were embedded in the caudal muscles of fish and heavy infections induced mortality. Metacercariae were infective at about 15 days of age.

scholarly journals LARVAL STAGES OF PHYLLODISTOMUM SP. (DIGENEA, GORGODERIDAE) FROM THE DUCK MUSSELS ANODONTA ANATINA IN UKRAINE

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. S. Kudlai ◽  
L. N. Yanovich
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Ventral Sucker ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Carassius Carassius ◽  
Body Proportions ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Larval Stages

Abstract Rhopalocercous cercariae were found in the gonads of duck mussels, Anodonta anatina (Linnaeus, 1758) collected from the Sluch River (Zhytomyr oblast, Ukraine). The morphological features observed led to conclusion that this species belonged to the genus Phyllodistomum Braun, 1899. Obtained results suggested that the second intermediate hosts in the life cycle of this trematode were absent. Free-swimming cercariae were observed encysting in water. This species is similar to Phyllodistomum pseudofolium Nybelin, 1926 by overall body proportions and ratio of suckers: lengths of oral to ventral sucker 1 : 1.1; widths of the same organs 1 : 1.2. To confirm the taxonomic position of the species found and establish a possible relationship between it and P. pseudofolium an experimental infection of fish Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) as potential definitive host was performed. The infection was not successful. Descriptions and figures of all detected larval stages of Phyllodistomum sp. are provided.

The Life Cycles of Dipetalonematid Nematodes (Filarioidea, Dipetalonematidae): The Problem of Their Evolution

1957 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Skin Lesion ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissues

The evolution of the life cycles of the members of the family Dipetalonematiidae Wehr, 1935 (Filarioidea) is considered in the light of existing knowledge of spirurid nematodes. The hypothesis that the life cycles of the dipetalonematids originated from life cycles similar to those of Draschia megastoma, Habronema muscae and H. microstoma is considered to be incorrect. Alternatively, it is pointed out that in the primitive subfamily Thelaziinae Baylis and Daubney, 1926 there are forms with typical spiruroid life cycles (Rhabdochona ovifilamenta), forms with life cycles approaching those of the dipetalonematids (Thelazia spp.), and forms with life cycles intermediate between these two (Oxyspirura spp.). It is suggested that intestinal species similar to Rhabdochona gave rise to the more specialized spiruroids and forms that left the gut (Oxyspirura, Thelazia) gave rise to the dipetalonematids.The dipetalonematids are believed to have originated from nematodes resembling the species of Thelazia and having life cycles like those of T. rhodesii, T. skrjabini and T. gulosa. Some of these worms established themselves in subcutaneous tissues. Like Parafilaria multipapillosa, they released their eggs through a break in the skin of the definitive host, thus causing a skin lesion that attracted various haematophagous arthropods which finally became involved as intermediate hosts in the life cycle. Certain species like the members of Parafilaria and Stephanofilaria (?) came to rely upon intermediate hosts that were unable to break the skin of the definitive host (Musca) and cutaneous lesions became permanent features of their life cycles. Other species became dependent upon intermediate hosts that could puncture the skin (mosquitoes, simuliids etc.) and skin lesions became unnecessary to the life cycle. The larvae of these worms then began to spread into the tissues of the skin, as found in Stephanofilaria, Onchocerca, and some species of Dipetalonema, and the infective larvae developed the ability to penetrate into the wound made by the intermediate host and perhaps, in some cases, the intact skin. Ultimately the larvae of some species habitually entered, or were deposited into, the blood stream and the adult worms were then free to colonize the vertebrate body as their larvae would then be available to the intermediate host no matter where the latter fed on the body of the definitive host; this group of worms gave rise to the many members of the family Dipetalonematidae.The family Filariidae Claus, 1883 is briefly reviewed in the light of the above hypothesis. It is pointed out that many species, e.g. Diplotriaeninae Skrjabin, 1916, live in the air sacs of reptiles and birds and probably have life cycles similar to that of Diplotriaenoides translucidus, i.e. the eggs pass through the lungs, up the trachea and out in the faeces. It is thought that these forms may represent a separate line of evolution from that which gave rise to the Dipetalonematidae. Certain genera (Lissonema, Aprocta), occurring in the orbits of birds, probably have life cycles like Thelazia or Oxyspirura. Many other genera occurring in superficial muscles and subcutaneous tissues (Squamofilaria, Ularofilaria, Tetracheilonema, Pelecitus, Monopetalonema) may release their eggs through some sort of skin lesion. Studies on these forms are urgently needed as the details of their life cycles may shed fresh light on the origins of the more specialized filarioids.

Cestodes (tapeworms)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1520-1528
Author(s):  
Richard Knight
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Terrestrial Life ◽  
Gut Mucosa ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Serious Disease

Adult tapeworms maintain anchorage to the host small-gut mucosa by means the scolex, a holdfast structure. The rest of the body forms the strobila and consists of a chain of flattened proglottids, which proliferate just behind the scolex. The life cycle then includes larval stages in one or more intermediate hosts. Many species of tapeworm, all zoonoses, infect humans as adult worms or larval stages. Serious disease can result when larval stages occur accidentally in humans, whereas infections by the adult stages often cause little harm. Two groups of cestode infect humans: the Cyclophyllidea and the Pseudophyllidea. The former have a terrestrial life cycle and cystic larvae; the latter have an aquatic cycle and worm-like larvae.

A new trematode species parasitizing the catfish Hoplosternum littorale (Osteichthyes, Callichthyidae) from Paraná River, Brazil, with an emendation of the diagnosis of Magnivitellinum (Trematoda, Macroderoididae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Lacerda ◽  
Ricardo Takemoto ◽  
Gilberto Pavanelli
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Sucker ◽  
Posterior Margin ◽  
Posterior Extremity ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Paraná River ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trematode Species ◽  
Generic Diagnosis ◽  
Parana River ◽  
Hoplosternum Littorale

AbstractMagnivitellinum corvitellinum sp. nov. is a parasite from the intestine of tamboatá Hoplosternum littorale, a freshwater catfish from Paraná River, Brazil. This species has an elongate body, a small cirrus-sac, testes in the posterior half of the body and well-developed follicular vitellines. It differs from the only other species in the genus, M. simplex, in having tegumental spines along the body, ventral sucker distinctly bigger than oral sucker, oesophagus absent and vitellaria extending from posterior margin of ventral sucker to near posterior extremity of body. An emendation of the generic diagnosis is proposed in view of the presence of tegumental spines along the body, absence of oesophagus, relative size of ventral and oral suckers and uterus covering caeca from the level of ventral sucker to the end of caeca. This is the fourth trematode species recorded parasitizing Hoplosternum littorale.

Taeniasis in a German Shepherd Pup: A Case Report

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 83-84
Author(s):  
B J Thakre ◽  
Joice P Joseph ◽  
Binod Kumar ◽  
Nilima Brahmbhatt ◽  
Krishna Gamit
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
Taenia Hydatigena ◽  
Taenia Multiceps ◽  
Taenia Crassiceps ◽  
Dipylidium Caninum

Taenia spp. are long, segmented, parasitic tapeworms and are relatively uncommon in canine gastrointestinal diseases compared to other tapeworms like Dipylidium caninum. These parasites have an indirect life cycle, cycling between definitive and intermediate hosts. Dogs act as definitive hosts of different species of Taenia including Taenia multiceps, Taenia serialis, Taenia crassiceps, Taenia hydatigena, Taenia pisiformis, etc. Taenia multiceps is of greatest zoonotic relevance in human. In the definitive host, it causes only mild infection. Larvae are more likely to cause disease than adult tapeworms. Taeniasis in pets should be cautiously handled because of its zoonotic importance. This communication reports a case of 3 months old pup suffering from Taenia infection that was successfully managed with a combination of praziquantel and fenbendazole.

Life cycles of the rhizocephalan Boschmaella japonica Deichmann & Høeg, 1990 (Cirripedia: Chthamalophilidae) and its host barnacle Chthamalus challengeri Hoek, 1883 (Cirripedia: Chthamalidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 825-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miku Yabuta ◽  
Jens T Høeg ◽  
Shigeyuki Yamato ◽  
Yoichi Yusa
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Brood Size ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Egg Volume ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Rhizocephalan Barnacles ◽  
Western Japan ◽  
Upper Intertidal ◽  
Chthamalus Challengeri

Abstract Although parasitic castration is widespread among rhizocephalan barnacles, Boschmaella japonica Deichmann & Høeg, 1990 does not completely sterilise the host barnacle Chthamalus challengeri Hoek, 1883. As little information is available on the relationships with the host in “barnacle-infesting parasitic barnacles” (family Chthamalophilidae), we studied the life cycles of both B. japonica and C. challengeri and the effects of the parasite on the host reproduction. Specimens of C. challengeri were collected from an upper intertidal shore at Shirahama, Wakayama, western Japan from April 2017 to September 2018 at 1–3 mo intervals. We recorded the body size, number of eggs, egg volume, and the presence of the parasite for each host. Moreover, settlement and growth of C. challengeri were followed in two fixed quadrats. Chthamalus challengeri brooded from February to June. The prevalence of B. japonica was high (often exceeded 10%) from April to July, and was rarely observed from September to next spring. The life cycle of the parasite matched well with that of the host. The parasite reduced the host’s brooding rate and brood size, to the extent that no hosts brooded in 2018.

scholarly journals Natural barriers: waterfall transit by small flying animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 201185
Author(s):  
Victor M. Ortega-Jimenez ◽  
Eva C. Herbst ◽  
Michelle S. Leung ◽  
Robert Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Flight Behaviour ◽  
Physical Constraints ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Translational Speed ◽  
Geomorphological Features ◽  
Stroke Amplitude

Waterfalls are conspicuous geomorphological features with heterogeneous structure, complex dynamics and multiphase flows. Swifts, dippers and starlings are well-known to nest behind waterfalls, and have been reported to fly through them. For smaller fliers, by contrast, waterfalls seem to represent impenetrable barriers, but associated physical constraints and the kinematic responses of volant animals during transit are unknown. Here, we describe the flight behaviour of hummingbirds (the sister group to the swifts) and of various insect taxa as they fly through an artificial sheet waterfall. We additionally launched plastic balls at different speeds at the waterfall so as to assess the inertial dependence of sheet penetration. Hummingbirds were able to penetrate the waterfall with reductions in both their translational speed, and stroke amplitude. The body tilted more vertically and exhibited greater rotations in roll, pitch and yaw, along with increases in tail spread and pitch. The much smaller plastic balls and some flies moving at speeds greater than 2.3 m s −1 and 1.6 m s −1 , respectively, also overcame effects of surface tension and water momentum and passed through the waterfall; objects with lower momentum, by contrast, entered the sheet but then fell along with the moving water. Waterfalls can thus represent impenetrable physical barriers for small and slow animal fliers, and may also serve to exclude both predators and parasites from nests of some avian taxa.

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