The life cycle of Haplorchis pumilio (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) from the Indian region

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Umadevi ◽  
R. Madhavi
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Large Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Indian Region ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Haplorchis Pumilio ◽  
Thiara Tuberculata

AbstractThe life cycle of the heterophyid fluke, Haplorchis pumilio is elucidated for the first time from the Indian region. Various stages in the life cycle were established based on observations made on natural infections found in snails and fish in a freshwater stream at Visakhapatnam, India and experimental infections carried out in the laboratory. The thiarid snail, Thiara tuberculata served as the first intermediate host and a wide range of freshwater fish as second intermediate hosts. Natural infections with adult flukes were found in the piscivorous birds Ardeola grayii and Bubulcus ibis. Adults were raised experimentally in day-old chicks. Distinguishing features of the cercaria of H. pumilio are: a large body size (200–224×92–96 μm), body–tail ratio of 1:2.1 and densely distributed pigment granules in the parenchyma imparting a brownish tinge to the body. Natural infections with metacercariae were found in the freshwater fish Channa punctatus, C. orientalis, Puntius sophore, Gambusia affinis and fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio and Liza macrolepis. Additionally, experimental infections were established in Therapon jarbua, Esomus danricus and Oreochromis mossambica. Metacercariae were embedded in the caudal muscles of fish and heavy infections induced mortality. Metacercariae were infective at about 15 days of age.

Life Cycle Comparison of Two Options for MSW Management in Puerto Rico: Thermal Treatment vs. Modern Landfilling

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giselle Balaguer-Da´tiz ◽  
Nikhil Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Life Cycle Inventory ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
The Body ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Msw Management ◽  
Wide Range

The management of municipal solid wastes (MSW) in Puerto Rico is becoming increasingly challenging. In recent years, several of the older landfills have closed due to lack of compliance with federal landfill requirements. Puerto Rico is an island community and there is limited space for construction of new landfills. Furthermore, Puerto Rico residents generate more waste per capita than people living on the continental US. Thermal treatment, or waste to energy (WTE) technologies are therefore a promising option for MSW management. It is critical to consider environmental impacts when making decisions related to MSW management. In this paper we quantify and compare the environmental implications of thermal treatment of MSW with modern landfilling for Puerto Rico from a life cycle perspective. The Caguas municipality is currently considering developing a thermal treatment plant. We compare this to an expansion of a landfill site in the Humacao municipality, which currently receives waste from Caguas. The scope of our analysis includes a broad suite of activities associated with management of MSW. We include: (i) the transportation of MSW; (ii) the impacts of managing waste (e.g., landfill gas emissions and potential aqueous run-off with landfills; air emissions of metals, dioxins and greenhouse gases) and (iii) the implications of energy and materials offsets from the waste management process (e.g., conversion of landfill gas to electricity, electricity produced in thermal treatment, and materials recovered from thermal treatment ash). We developed life cycle inventory models for different waste management processes, incorporating information from a wide range of sources — including peer reviewed life cycle inventory databases, the body of literature on environmental impact of waste management, and site-specific factors for Puerto Rico (e.g. waste composition, rainfall patterns, electricity mix). We managed uncertainty in data and models by constructing different scenarios for both technologies based on realistic ranges of emission factors. The results show that thermal treatment of the unrecyclable part of the waste stream is the preferred option for waste management when compared to modern landfilling. Furthermore, Eco-indicator 99 method is used to investigate the human health, ecosystem quality and resource use impact categories.

scholarly journals Morphobiological characteristics of trematode cercariae of the families Opisthorchiidae and Notocotylidae

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
О. M. Bonina ◽  
Е. А. Serbina
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Bithynia Tentaculata ◽  
Morphobiological Characteristics

The results of studying the body structure of trematode cercariae of the families Opisthorchiidae and Notocotylidae and the features of their development in Western Siberia are presented. The data of long-term (1994–2019) studies on the spread of these pathogens of dangerous parasitic diseases in humans and animals are analyzed and summarized. The studies were conducted according to generally accepted methods in parasitology and hydrobiology. The species affi  liation of trematodes was determined in laboratory conditions on mature cercariae that independently left the shells of the host mollusks Bithynia tentaculata and B. troscheli. It was noted that the trematodes of the Opisthorchiidae and Notocotylidae families at the cercaria stage have the following similar features: a simple tail, pigmented eyes, and one oral sucking cup. Diagnosis of trematode cercariae of Opisthorchiidae and Notocotylidae families is possible by the following signs: the tail of the opisthorchis cercaria has a swimming membrane and is 2 times longer than the body, the tail of the notocotylid has no swimming membrane and is approximately equal in length to the body. Opisthor-chis cercariae have two pigment eyes, notocotilids – three. In the life cycle of opisthorchis, there are two intermediate hosts (bitinia and fi  sh), in the notocotylid cycle, one (bitinia). Opisthorchis cercariae have penetration glands, but notocotylids do not; the maximum daily emission of opisthorchis cercariae is ten times higher than that of notocotylids (6672 and 422 cercariae, respectively). The ability to diagnose opisthorchis and notocotilid at the cercaria stage allows the identifi cation of local foci of epidemiologically and epizootically dangerous diseases.

The Life-Cycle and Morphology of Stemmatostoma-Pearsoni, Gen Et Sp-Nov, With Notes on the Morphology of Telogaster-Opisthorchis Macfarlane (Digenea, Cryptogonimidae)

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
TH Cribb
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Oral Sucker ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Redial Generation ◽  
Adult Morphology ◽  
Mother Sporocyst ◽  
First Intermediate Host ◽  
Prosobranch Snail

Stemmatostoma pearsoni, gen. et sp. nov., is described from the intestine of Leiopotherapon unicolor (Gunther) and Macquaria novemaculeata (Steindachner) in Queensland. Stemmatostoma is placed within the Neochasminae and is distinguished by its long oesophagus, compact ovary, short caeca, pre-ovarian vitellaria, simple gonotyl and funnel-shaped oral sucker. The diagnosis of the Neochasminae is emended excluding Parspina Pearse. Telogaster opisthorchis Macfarlane is recorded from the intestine of Anguilla reinhardtii Steindachner from Victoria. The spinose oral suckers of S. pearsoni and T. opisthorchis are capable of being retracted into tegumental pockets. It is postulated that this arrangement may be widespread amongst spinose cryptogonimids. The first intermediate host of S. pearsoni is Posticobia brazieri (Smith), a prosobranch snail. The second intermediate hosts are freshwater fish: Hypseleotris galii (Ogilby), H. compressus (Krefft), Mogurnda mogurnda (Richardson), M. adspersa (Castelnau), Philypnodon grandiceps (Krefft), Gobiomorphus australis (Krefft), and Pseudomugil signifer Kner. Within the snail there is a mother sporocyst generation, a redial generation and a cercarial generation. Development of the mother sporocyst is similar to that described for other opisthorchioids. Cryptogonimid cercariae are characterized by 16 flame-cells, pre-vesicular penetration glands, dorso-ventral caudal finfolds and absence of body pigmentation. On the basis of cercarial and adult morphology it is proposed that Pseudexorchis Yamaguti be excluded from the Cryptogonimidae.

Observations on the life-cycle of the strigeoid trematode, Apatemon (Apatemon) gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) Szidat, 1928

1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Blair
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Stone Loach ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Pericardial Cavity ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractThe life-cycle of Apatemon (A.) gracilis was completed in the laboratory. The snail host is Lymnaeaperegra (Müller). The cercaria is redescribed from a wide range of material. Metacercariae were found in naturally infected rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson), three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatiis L.) and stone loach (Nemacheilus barbatulus (L.)) from Scotland and in three-spined sticklebacks from Iceland. In trout, most metacercariae were found in the pericardial cavity, in sticklebacks, the eye, and in loach, the body cavity. In infection experiments, cercariae from naturally infected Scottish snails developed in threespined sticklebacks, rainbow trout and brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). Under experimental conditions cercariae did not penetrate stone loach, although this species is naturally infected with A gracilis. The phenomenon of fish host specificity is briefly discussed. Development of the metacercaria is described. Excystation of metacercarial cysts with pepsin and trypsin solutions is unlike that reported for any other digenean; the contents of the cyst appear to be under pressure. In pepsin, layers of the cyst wall peel back from one end. When transferred to trypsin, one pole of the cyst ruptures and the worm is forcibly expelled.

Redescription of Pseudotelorchis compactus (Cable and Sanborn, 1970) Yamaguti, 1971 (Cercomeria: Trematoda: Digenea: Plagiorchiformes) with discussion of its phylogenetic affinities

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1421-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl A. Macdonald ◽  
Daniel R. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Ventral Sucker ◽  
Posterior Margin ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Phylogenetic Affinities

Pseudotelorchis compactus from the oviducts of Emydoidea blandingi is redescribed and its phylogenetic affinities examined. The Ochetosomatidae is considered the sister group of the Telorchiidae based on the shared presence of a well-developed glandular and muscular metraterm, and on the use of tadpoles as second intermediate hosts in the life cycle. The monophyly of the Ochetosomatidae is supported by the presence of relatively short caeca and testes located near the posterior ends of the caeca. The monophyly of the Telorchiidae is supported by the presence of postuterine testes located near the posterior end of the body. Orchidasma is excluded from the Telorchiidae because it possesses a spinose cirrus, spinose metraterm and distal portion of the uterus, and testes separated widely in the hind body by the uterus. Pseudotelorchis is considered monophyletic by virtue of having ovaries with irregular rather than smooth margins, testes that vary from side by side to tandem rather than being consistently tandem, and by inhabiting the oviducts rather than the intestine of the definitive hosts. Pseudotelorchis is the sister group of Loefgrenia plus Telorchis, the latter group diagnosed by having ovaries that are at least half an ovarian diameter posterior to the posterior margin of the ventral sucker rather than proximal to it. Loefgrenia is diagnosed by the absence of an esophagus, while Telorchis is diagnosed by strictly tandem testes with smooth margins and well-ordered ascending and descending uterine loops.

scholarly journals Intestinal capillariasis.

1992 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
J H Cross
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
First Generation ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Mongolian Gerbils ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Infection Treatment ◽  
Intestinal Capillariasis ◽  
Irreversible Effects

Intestinal capillariasis caused by Capillaria philippinensis appeared first in the Philippines and subsequently in Thailand, Japan, Iran, Egypt, and Taiwan, but most infections occur in the Philippines and Thailand. As established experimentally, the life cycle involves freshwater fish as intermediate hosts and fish-eating birds as definitive hosts. Embryonated eggs from feces fed to fish hatch and grow as larvae in the fish intestines. Infective larvae fed to monkeys, Mongolian gerbils, and fish-eating birds develop into adults. Larvae become adults in 10 to 11 days, and the first-generation females produce larvae. These larvae develop into males and egg-producing female worms. Eggs pass with the feces, reach water, embryonate, and infect fish. Autoinfection is part of the life cycle and leads to hyperinfection. Humans acquire the infection by eating small freshwater fish raw. The parasite multiplies, and symptoms of diarrhea, borborygmus, abdominal pain, and edema develop. Chronic infections lead to malabsorption and hence to protein and electrolyte loss, and death results from irreversible effects of the infection. Treatment consists of electrolyte replacement and administration of an antidiarrheal agent and mebendazole or albendazole. Capillariasis philippinensis is considered a zoonotic disease of migratory fish-eating birds. The eggs are disseminated along flyways and infect the fish, and when fish are eaten raw, the disease develops.

scholarly journals EuMoBot: replicating euglenoid movement in a soft robot

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (148) ◽  
pp. 20180301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Manaswi Digumarti ◽  
Andrew T. Conn ◽  
Jonathan Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Shape Change ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Soft Robot ◽  
Soft Robots ◽  
Characteristic Type ◽  
Viscous Forces ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Euglenoid Movement

Swimming is employed as a form of locomotion by many organisms in nature across a wide range of scales. Varied strategies of shape change are employed to achieve fluidic propulsion at different scales due to changes in hydrodynamics. In the case of microorganisms, the small mass, low Reynolds number and dominance of viscous forces in the medium, requires a change in shape that is non-invariant under time reversal to achieve movement. The Euglena family of unicellular flagellates evolved a characteristic type of locomotion called euglenoid movement to overcome this challenge, wherein the body undergoes a giant change in shape. It is believed that these large deformations enable the organism to move through viscous fluids and tiny spaces. The ability to drastically change the shape of the body is particularly attractive in robots designed to move through constrained spaces and cluttered environments such as through the human body for invasive medical procedures or through collapsed rubble in search of survivors. Inspired by the euglenoids, we present the design of EuMoBot, a multi-segment soft robot that replicates large body deformations to achieve locomotion. Two robots have been fabricated at different sizes operating with a constant internal volume, which exploit hyperelasticity of fluid-filled elastomeric chambers to replicate the motion of euglenoids. The smaller robot moves at a speed of body lengths per cycle (20 mm min −1 or 2.2 cycles min −1 ) while the larger one attains a speed of body lengths per cycle (4.5 mm min −1 or 0.4 cycles min −1 ). We show the potential for biomimetic soft robots employing shape change to both replicate biological motion and act as a tool for studying it. In addition, we present a quantitative method based on elliptic Fourier descriptors to characterize and compare the shape of the robot with that of its biological counterpart. Our results show a similarity in shape of 85% and indicate that this method can be applied to understand the evolution of shape in other nonlinear, dynamic soft robots where a model for the shape does not exist.

Feeding Behaviour of Three Species of Squirrels

Behaviour ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 95 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Shiraishi ◽  
Teru Aki Uchida ◽  
Motokazu Ando
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Large Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lateral Side ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Sitting Posture ◽  
Flying Squirrel ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Feeding Bout

AbstractThe Japanese giant flying squirrel, Petaurista leucogenys, Japanese flying squirrel, Pteromys momonga and Asiatic chipmunk, were compared for feeding behaviour under experimental conditions. Although P. leucogenys always fed in a sitting posture on branches, it extended its forepaws effectively both laterally and ventrally. When the animal was not able to place its large body on a slender twig, it brought the twig within reach of the mouth by the forepaws, obtaining food at the tip. P. momonga and T. s. asiaticus took a hanging posture, too, and the former was more skillful in this posture than was the latter. In picking up food scattered on the floor, P. leucogenys extended the body, without shifting its hindfeet, in a wide range including its lateral side; T. s. asiaticus got food in a narrow range only just in front of the body, and P. momonga had an intermediate range between those of the above two species. Among the three species, the daily frequency of feeding bouts was in inverse proportion to the duration of a feeding bout; P. leucogenys had relatively long and infrequent bouts, the reverse being the case with T. s. asiaticus. Characteristics of the posture, technique and frequency of feeding in the three species were supposed to be a reflection of interspecific differences in the diet, habitat, and freedom and length of the forelimb.

Children, snails and worms: the Brachylaima cribbi story

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R Butcher
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
South America ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Land Snails ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Terrestrial Life ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Brachylaimids are parasitic trematode fluke worms that have a terrestrial life cycle involving land snails and slugs as the first and/or second intermediate hosts for the cercarial and metacercarial larval stages. A wide range of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians are the definitive hosts for the adult worm. Brachylaima spp. have been reported from most continents including Europe, Africa, Asia, North and South America and Australia. There are over 70 described species in the genus with seven species indigenous to Australia. Although Brachylaima spp. are a cosmopolitan terrestrial trematode they have not been recorded to infect humans other than the three Brachylaima cribbi infections reported in two children and an adult from South Australia.

Rola tłuszczu w żywieniu człowieka

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Rudzińska ◽  
Roman Przybylski
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Wide Range

Along with proteins and carbohydrates, fat is one of the three most important components of the human diet. For years, it was recommended that the intake of fats should be as low as possible due to their high calorific value. It is currently assumed that 30-35% of dietary energy should come from fat as it is a source of many bioactive compounds, such as essential unsaturated fatty acids (EUFAs), antioxidants and vitamins (A, D, E, K), which must be delivered to the body with food. Their content in vegetable fats and oils varies greatly, and the existing consumer opinions and beliefs often contradict scientific knowledge. Currently, a large body of evidence supporting the important role of fats in the human diet may be found in literature. This paper discusses the basic components of vegetable fats and oils in terms of their chemical structure and biological properties. A wide range of dietary fats were reviewed for their fatty acid, tocopherol and sterol profiles. Based on these facts, criteria to be taken into account in the selection of dietary fats and food products were identified.

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