Habitat separation by sympatric forest grouse in Fennoscandia in relation to boreal forest succession

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1303-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon E. Swenson ◽  
Per Angelstam
Keyword(s):  
Forest Succession ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Black Grouse ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Successional Stage ◽  
Hazel Grouse ◽  
Bonasa Bonasia ◽  
Successional Stages ◽  
Intensively Managed

Sympatric forest grouse in intensively managed conifer-dominated forests of the southern boreal zone in Sweden occupied different forest successional stages. Black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) selected forest stands 0 – 20 years old, hazel grouse (Bonasa bonasia) selected those 20 – 50 years old, and capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) selected those ≥90 years old. Moreover, hazel grouse also selected stands with 1 – 10% deciduous trees, whereas capercaillie selected stands with no deciduous trees. The relative numbers of each grouse species were similar in two areas of intensively managed industrial forest, but differed in an area where forestry was less intensive and where forests had old-growth characteristics, i.e., they were old and multi-layered. Black grouse dominated in the intensively managed areas, whereas hazel grouse dominated in the less intensively managed area. We suggest that under natural conditions, black grouse inhabited the early-successional stages of forest following burns, hazel grouse inhabited the next, denser, successional stage and also old-growth spruce-dominated forests in fire refugia, and capercaillie inhabited stands of open, old, pine-dominated forest maintained by forest fire. The black grouse appears to be preadapted to the modern system of clearcut forest management. However, this system is clearly detrimental to the hazel grouse and capercaillie. To maintain all three species in a managed landscape, forest managers must strive to mimic more closely the natural variation in types and sizes of forest stands.

The dynamics of hazel grouse (Bonasa bonasia L.) occurrence in habitat fragments

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Åberg ◽  
Jon E Swenson ◽  
Henrik Andrén
Keyword(s):  
Critical Level ◽  
Fragment Size ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Hazel Grouse ◽  
Bonasa Bonasia ◽  
Intensively Managed

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of habitat fragment size and isolation on the dynamics of hazel grouse (Bonasa bonasia L.) occurrence. Habitat fragments surrounded by nonhabitat coniferous forest, in an intensively managed forested landscape, were censused during seven seasons. None of the 33 habitat fragments were occupied in all seven seasons and 7 were never occupied. Turnover occurred in 79% of the habitat fragments. The most common occupation of a habitat fragment was by only one hazel grouse male (84%). Thus, the dynamics of hazel grouse occurrence in the habitat fragments was basically monitored on the scale of individuals. Large and less isolated habitat fragments with a high amount of cover were occupied significantly more often than small, isolated fragments. The effect of size appeared most clearly when analyzing the total number of hazel grouse occupying a habitat fragment. The appearance of hazel grouse in the habitat fragments was best explained by the amount of cover, distance to the nearest suitable habitat, and size of the habitat fragment. The effects of interfragment distance on the occurrence and appearance of hazel grouse implies that the habitat has become functionally disconnected for hazel grouse and suggests that the amount of suitable hazel grouse habitat left in this landscape has fallen below a critical level.

scholarly journals Does the Genetic Diversity of Macuilillo, Oreopanax xalapensis (Araliaceae), Change Along Successional Gradients of the Montane Cloud Forest?

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 194008291987292
Author(s):  
Farah Z. Vera-Maloof ◽  
Lorena Ruiz-Montoya ◽  
Neptalí Ramírez-Marcial
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Forest Succession ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Successional Stage ◽  
Montane Cloud Forest ◽  
Successional Species ◽  
Successional Stages

Forest regeneration after human-induced or natural disturbances results in a sequential replacement of species, starting with colonizing of pioneer species that modifies the physical conditions of the environment, which later allows the establishment of mid- and late-successional species. Whether the forest succession implies a reduction of population size of tree species might be expected a less genetic diversity in populations inhabiting oldest succession stages. We aimed to study whether genetic diversity of Macuilillo, Oreopanax xalapensis (a understory tree), decreases in advanced age-classes and in late successional of montane cloud forest at Huitepec Ecological Reserve (Chiapas, Mexico). We counted individuals from three age classes: seedlings, saplings, and young reproductive individuals in nine plots along three successional stages (early-, middle-, and late-successional forests). Seven enzyme systems (SOD, AP, FUM, G6PDH, GOT, GPI, and G3PDH) were used to obtain common genetic diversity; Φ-statistics and a Bayesian model were used to infer population structure. At the early-successional stage, O. xalapensis had a bigger population size and significantly high numbers of seedlings. In general, among the successional stages, the genetic diversity of O. xalapensis was moderate to high ( He = 0.25–0.46); the saplings presented the highest expected genetic diversity ( He). Populations were genetically structured by age-classes but not by successional stages. The successional stages affected the demographic dynamics with a mild impact on the genetic structure across age-classes of O. xalapensis. The scenic and recreational conservation strategies implemented in this forest have effectively allowed for population development of O. xalapensis and provide some explanation of genetic diversity at early-succession stage.

scholarly journals Aboveground forest biomass varies across continents, ecological zones and successional stages: refined IPCC default values for tropical and subtropical forests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danaë M. A. Rozendaal ◽  
Daniela Requena Suarez ◽  
Veronique De Sy ◽  
Valerio Avitabile ◽  
Sarah Carter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Ecological Zone ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Successional Stage ◽  
Subtropical Forests ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Ipcc Guidelines ◽  
Successional Stages ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract For monitoring and reporting forest carbon stocks and fluxes, many countries in the tropics and subtropics rely on default values of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventories. Default IPCC forest AGB values originated from 2006, and are relatively crude estimates of average values per continent and ecological zone. The 2006 default values were based on limited plot data available at the time, methods for their derivation were not fully clear, and no distinction between successional stages was made. As part of the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for GHG Inventories, we updated the default AGB values for tropical and subtropical forests based on AGB data from >25,000 plots in natural forests and a global AGB map where no plot data were available. We calculated refined AGB default values per continent, ecological zone, and successional stage, and provided a measure of uncertainty. AGB in tropical and subtropical forests varies by an order of magnitude across continents, ecological zones, and successional stage. Our refined default values generally reflect the climatic gradients in the tropics, with more AGB in wetter areas. AGB is generally higher in old-growth than in secondary forests, and higher in older secondary (regrowth >20 years old and degraded/logged forests) than in young secondary forests (≤20 years old). While refined default values for tropical old-growth forest are largely similar to the previous 2006 default values, the new default values are 4.0 to 7.7-fold lower for young secondary forests. Thus, the refined values will strongly alter estimated carbon stocks and fluxes, and emphasize the critical importance of old-growth forest conservation. We provide a reproducible approach to facilitate future refinements and encourage targeted efforts to establish permanent plots in areas with data gaps.

scholarly journals SOIL SEED BANK IN SEASONAL SEMIDECIDUOUS FOREST AND ABANDONED PASTURE

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 991-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sustanis Horn Kunz ◽  
Sebastião Venâncio Martins
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Successional Stage ◽  
Semideciduous Forest ◽  
Regeneration Stage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Successional Stages ◽  
Pasture Area ◽  
Seasonal Semideciduous Forest

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to characterize the seed bank in the soil of different successional stages of Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and abandoned pasture in order to understand the natural regeneration potential of these areas. At each successional stage, 30 samples of soil were collected in the rainy and dry seasons to evaluate the qualitative heterogeneity of the forest, at the regeneration stage (FEA) forest, intermediate regeneration stage forest (ISF) and pasture (PAS). The species were classified according to the life form, successional group and dispersion syndrome. The number of individuals germinated was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the ISF and in the rainy season (15,949 individuals). Richness was higher in the pasture area (79 species), with a significant difference only between the environments. Most species are herbaceous (49.5%), pioneers (76.5%) and zoocory was the main dispersion syndrome (49% of species). The results show that seed bank in the fragment of the regeneration advanced stage forest presents the highest resilience potential, since it is formed by different life forms and, mainly, by early and late secondary species.

The relationship of buried, germinating seeds to vegetation in an old-growth Colorado subalpine forest

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (13) ◽  
pp. 1505-1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Rapid Loss ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
The Relationship

Species of buried, germinating seeds and species occurring in the vegetation are compared for two Colorado subalpine forest stands, one dry and one mesic, both over 325 years old. The total numbers of seeds found were small and the correspondence with species in the vegetation was poor. This is consistent with reports from other old-growth forests and may be accounted for by a combination of low seed input and rapid loss of viable seeds from the soil reservoir for old-growth forest species.

scholarly journals Boreal old-growth forest structural diversity challenges aerial photographic survey accuracy

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxence Martin ◽  
Nicole J. Fenton ◽  
Hubert Morin
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Forest Succession ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Aerial Survey ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Forest Inventories ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Aerial Surveys ◽  
Old Growth Forests

The erosion of old-growth forests in boreal managed landscapes is a major issue currently faced by forest managers; however, resolving this problem requires accurate surveys. The intention of our study was to determine if historic operational aerial forest surveys accurately identified boreal old-growth forests in Quebec, Canada. We first compared stand successional stages (even-aged vs. old-growth) in two aerial surveys performed in 1968 (preindustrial aerial survey) and 2007 (modern aerial survey) on the same 2200 km2 territory. Second, we evaluated the accuracy of the modern aerial survey by comparing its results with those of 74 field plots sampled in the study territory between 2014 and 2016. The two aerial surveys differed significantly; 80.8% of the undisturbed stands that were identified as “old-growth” in the preindustrial survey were classified as “even-aged” in the modern survey, and 60% of the stands identified as “old-growth” by field sampling were also erroneously identified as “even-aged” by the modern aerial survey. The scarcity of obvious old-growth attributes in boreal old-growth forests, as well as poorly adapted modern aerial survey criteria (i.e., criteria requiring high vertical stratification and significant changes in tree species composition along forest succession), were the main factors explaining these errors. It is therefore likely that most of Quebec’s boreal old-growth forests are currently not recognized as such in forest inventories, challenging the efficacy of sustainable forest management policies.

An overview of the vegetation and soils of the floodplain ecosystems of the Tanana River, interior Alaska

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 889-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A. Viereck ◽  
C.T. Dyrness ◽  
M.J. Foote
Keyword(s):  
Forest Succession ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Feather Mosses ◽  
Successional Stages ◽  
Salt Affected Soils ◽  
Stochastic Events

The soils and vegetation of 12 stages of forest succession on the floodplain of the Tanana River are described. Succession begins with the invasion of newly deposited alluvium by willows (Salix spp.) and develops through a willow–alder (Alnustenuifolia Nutt.) stage to forest stands of balsam poplar (Populusbalsamifera L.), followed by white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss), and finally black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). The principal changes in substrate characteristics during the successional sequence are (i) change from sand to silt loam, (ii) increase in terrace height and distance from the water table, (iii) development of a forest floor, first of leaf litter and then live and dead feather mosses, (iv) burial of organic layers by flooding, and (v) the development of permafrost as soils are insulated by a thick organic layer. Soils and vegetation of six stands occurring in three successional stages used in the salt-affected soils study are described in detail: open willow stands (stage III), balsam poplar–alder stands (stage VI), and a mature white spruce stand (stage VIII). There is a general progression of plant species resulting from the modification of the environment by the developing vegetation and changes in soil characteristics. Life history and stochastic events are important in the early stages of succession, and biological controls such as facilitation and competition become more important in middle and late stages of succession.

The effect of forest successional stage on seed removal of tropical rain forest tree species

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marielos Peña-Claros ◽  
Henneleen De Boo
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Seed Removal ◽  
Successional Stage ◽  
Successional Stages ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Seed removal was evaluated at the macro- and micro-habitat level in areas differing in successional stage in the Bolivian Amazon. The successional stages consisted of secondary forests of 2, 10 and 20 years old and primary forest. Seeds of nine tree species were artificially dispersed and the number of seeds removed was evaluated over 7 weeks. Several stand characteristics were measured at the sites where seeds were dispersed. Seed removal at the end of the experiment varied from 50 to 100% depending on the species, and from 74 to 90% depending on successional stage. In general, the removal rate decreased with an increase in age of successional stage. The seed removal rate was related to liana density and not to litter thickness. Different microhabitat characteristics explained the seed removal rate of four species but microhabitat characteristics did not explain the decrease in seed removal rate with an increase in forest age. The results support the idea that post-dispersal seed removal reduces the number of seeds available for germination, consequently playing an important role in the regeneration of abandoned agricultural areas.

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