Parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds and productivity of House Finch hosts
The effect of parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) on the reproductive success of a recently established population of House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) was studied at St. Catharines, Ontario, during 1983-1985. House Finches began to colonize Ontario in 1972 and breeding was first observed there in 1978. Cowbirds laid in 40.2% of House Finch nests and parasitism was most prevalent during the peak of House Finch nesting. Clutches initiated early in the season were free of cowbird eggs. Most (76%) House Finch nests were parasitized within 2 days after the first House Finch egg was laid. Parasitized House Finch nests contained 1-3 cowbird eggs and the mean number of cowbird eggs per parasitized nest was 1.30. Frequency of multiple parasitism was 24.2% and the number of cowbird eggs per nest was not significantly different from a truncated Poisson distribution. Cowbird parasitism depressed House Finch clutch size and number of hatchlings and fledglings, but the proportion of surviving eggs in parasitized nests that yielded hatchlings and fledglings was not influenced by parasitism. Overall growth of House Finch nestlings did not differ significantly between parasitized and unparasitized nests. Thus, House Finches were able to successfully rear most of their young irrespective of parasitism. The decrease in reproductive output of House Finches was mainly due to egg removal by cowbirds, which effectively reduced the clutch size of parasitized nests by about 1 House Finch egg.