scholarly journals THE HEIDER BALANCE: A CONTINUOUS APPROACH

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (05) ◽  
pp. 707-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRZYSZTOF KUŁAKOWSKI ◽  
PRZEMYSŁAW GAWROŃSKI ◽  
PIOTR GRONEK
Keyword(s):  
Connected Graph ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Structure Theorem ◽  
System Size ◽  
Random Numbers ◽  
Continuous Approach ◽  
Internal Relations ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Fully Connected

The Heider balance (HB) is investigated in a fully connected graph of N nodes. The links are described by a real symmetric array r (i, j), i, j =1, …, N. In a social group, nodes represent group members and links represent relations between them, positive (friendly) or negative (hostile). At the balanced state, r (i, j) r (j, k) r (k, i) > 0 for all the triads (i, j, k). As follows from the structure theorem of Cartwright and Harary, at this state the group is divided into two subgroups, with friendly internal relations and hostile relations between the subgroups. Here the system dynamics is proposed to be determined by a set of differential equations, [Formula: see text]. The form of equations guarantees that once HB is reached, it persists. Also, for N =3 the dynamics reproduces properly the tendency of the system to the balanced state. The equations are solved numerically. Initially, r (i, j) are random numbers distributed around zero with a symmetric uniform distribution of unit width. Calculations up to N =500 show that HB is always reached. Time τ(N) to get the balanced state varies with the system size N as N-1/2. The spectrum of relations, initially narrow, gets very wide near HB. This means that the relations are strongly polarized. In our calculations, the relations are limited to a given range around zero. With this limitation, our results can be helpful in an interpretation of some statistical data.

scholarly journals Watch me, watch you: ritual participation increases in-group displays and out-group monitoring in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1805) ◽  
pp. 20190437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole J. Wen ◽  
Aiyana K. Willard ◽  
Michaela Caughy ◽  
Cristine H. Legare
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Monitoring

Collective rituals serve social functions for the groups that perform them, including identifying group members and signalling group commitment. A novel social group paradigm was used in an afterschool programme ( N = 60 4–11-year-olds) to test the influence of participating in a ritual task on in-group displays and out-group monitoring over repeated exposures to the group. The results demonstrate that ritual participation increases in-group displays (i.e. time spent displaying materials to in-group members) and out-group monitoring (i.e. time spent looking at out-group members) compared with a control task across three time points. This study provides evidence for the processes by which rituals may influence children's behaviours towards in- and out-group members and discusses implications for understanding the development of ritual cognition and behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.

Experimental evidence that acorn woodpeckers recognize relationships among third parties no longer living together

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1257-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Pardo ◽  
Eric L Walters ◽  
Walter D Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Living Together ◽  
Melanerpes Formicivorus ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Acorn Woodpeckers ◽  
Group Relationships

Abstract Triadic awareness, or knowledge of the relationships between others, is essential to navigating many complex social interactions. While some animals maintain relationships with former group members post-dispersal, recognizing cross-group relationships between others may be more cognitively challenging than simply recognizing relationships between members of a single group because there is typically much less opportunity to observe interactions between individuals that do not live together. We presented acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus), a highly social species, with playback stimuli consisting of a simulated chorus between two different individuals, a behavior that only occurs naturally between social affiliates. Subjects were expected to respond less rapidly if they perceived the callers as having an affiliative relationship. Females responded more rapidly to a pair of callers that never co-occurred in the same social group, and responded less rapidly to callers that were members of the same social group at the time of the experiment and to callers that last lived in the same group before the subject had hatched. This suggests that female acorn woodpeckers can infer the existence of relationships between conspecifics that live in separate groups by observing them interact after the conspecifics in question no longer live in the same group as each other. This study provides experimental evidence that nonhuman animals may recognize relationships between third parties that no longer live together and emphasizes the potential importance of social knowledge about distant social affiliates.

SUPER SPANNING CONNECTIVITY OF THE FULLY CONNECTED CUBIC NETWORKS

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHERNG CHIN ◽  
HUAI-CHIH CHEN ◽  
LIH-HSING HSU ◽  
SHANG-CHIA CHIOU ◽  
KUO-TUNG LAI
Keyword(s):  
Connected Graph ◽  
Disjoint Paths ◽  
Fully Connected

A k-containerC(u, v) of G between u and v is a set of k internally disjoint paths between u and v. A k-container C(u,v) of G is a k*-container if it contains all vertices of G. A graph G is k*-connected if there exists a k*-container between any two distinct vertices. The spanning connectivity of G, κ*(G), is defined to be the largest integer k such that G is w*-connected for all 1 ≤ w ≤ k if G is a 1*-connected graph and undefined otherwise. A graph G is super spanning connected if κ* (G) = κ(G). In this paper, we prove that the n-dimensional fully connected cubic network FCCNn is super spanning connected.

scholarly journals The Cognitive Processes Underlying Moral Judgment Across Development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Chalik ◽  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel ◽  
Marjorie Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Moral Belief ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Made In

Some moral philosophers have suggested that a basic prohibition against intentional harm ought to be at the core of moral belief systems across human societies. Yet, experimental work suggests that not all harm is created equal—people often respond more negatively to harm that occurs among fellow social group members, rather than between members of different groups. The present two studies investigated how concerns about social group membership factor into the moral judgment system. Adults (N = 111, Study 1) and children (N = 110, Study 2) evaluated instances of inter- and intra-group harm under varying levels of cognitive load. Both children and adults responded more slowly to intergroup harm than to intragroup harm. Furthermore, adults under cognitive load rated intergroup harm more leniently than intragroup harm, but adults who were not under load rated the two types of behaviors similarly. These findings suggest that across development, evaluations of intergroup harm rely more heavily on conscious deliberation than evaluations of intragroup harm. Thus, people's evaluations of harmful behaviors are made in light of information about the social category membership of the people involved.

scholarly journals Analysis of new words in the jargon of English youth

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
G.T.g Jalilova
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Communication Channel ◽  
Communication Tools ◽  
New Words ◽  
Product Service ◽  
Interactive Environment ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Consumption Activity

Today, most people need a communication channel to get information, get news, have fun, get to know a product/service, engage in any production/consumption activity, or socialize. While it was seen that these actions took place only under the umbrella of traditional communication tools until the end of the 1990s, it has been done in an interactive environment by gaining great momentum since the 2000s. In other words, the limit of oneway communication could be broken with the flexibility and speed of two-way communication. People sometimes produce in their groups and use some unique words and phrases that are only understood by their group members. These words and expressions can also include slang. Slang is usually the language specific to a social group.

scholarly journals TRUST MODELING: A PROBABILITY APPROACH

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Interpersonal Trust ◽  
Initial Vector ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Trust Modeling ◽  
Group A ◽  
Degroot Model ◽  
Group Members

The work is devoted to describing an application of the DeGroot model in the following analysis: is it possible to establish a consensus of opinions of members in a social group (a society). This model describes the process of changing the agents’ opinion about a certain event or statement, factoring in the effect of interpersonal trust between agents, which is modelled by Markov chains. Agents’ opinions are represented by the probability of them showing their support to a given statement (event). The interpretation of the DeGroot model is quite broad. It includes, in particular, the study of economic decision-making, the influence of public opinion on people and the fact of achieving a consensus. The paper considers the conditions under which the process of updating the opinions of agents, belonging to a social group (network), converges to a certain limit value - a consensus, i.e. a case when all agents in a social group have the same opinion on a particular issue. We also show some generalizations of the DeGroot model, namely those that concern adding time dependency to the rules of updating the opinions of agents. To test the DeGroot model, we implemented the two-dimensional case as a dynamic Microsoft Excel workbook. The paper describes 2 types of problems related to reaching a consensus, solved with the model. The first kind of problem constitutes an analysis of possibilities of obtaining the desired consensus with a given matrix of trust (interpersonal trust of agents), whilst changing the initial group members’ opinions vector about an event (statement). We also discuss a solution of the inverse problem: find the trust matrix such that the iterative opinion update process converges to the desired consensus with a given initial vector of opinions. The results we obtained may be used for analyzing the process of managing public (collective) opinion concerning certain economic decisions in a social group (network).

scholarly journals An Approach to the Extremal Inverse Degree Index for Families of Graphs with Transformation Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asif ◽  
Muhammad Hussain ◽  
Hamad Almohamedh ◽  
Khalid M. Alhamed ◽  
Sultan Almotairi
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Regular Graph ◽  
Connected Graph ◽  
Topological Index ◽  
Unicyclic Graph ◽  
Fixed Length ◽  
Inverse Degree ◽  
Fully Connected

The inverse degree index is a topological index first appeared as a conjuncture made by computer program Graffiti in 1988. In this work, we use transformations over graphs and characterize the inverse degree index for these transformed families of graphs. We established bonds for different families of n -vertex connected graph with pendent paths of fixed length attached with fully connected vertices under the effect of transformations applied on these paths. Moreover, we computed exact values of the inverse degree index for regular graph specifically unicyclic graph.

scholarly journals Individual Matrixes of Values As Basis for Social Group Members’ Behavior Correction

Upravlenie ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Фролов ◽  
S. Frolov
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Behavior Management ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Group Members

Management on values represents very perspective area of activity concerning the human relations management. Consequently, in this paper the author analyzes individual matrixes of values as a basis for social group members’ behavior management. At the same time questions related to social norms correction within ordered series of cultural values are considered.

scholarly journals Pre- and Post-Partum Whistle Production of a BottlenoseDolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Social Group

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audra E. Ames ◽  
Riley P. Macgregor ◽  
Sara J. Wieland ◽  
Dianne M. Cameron ◽  
Stan A. Kuczaj II ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphin ◽  
Tursiops Truncatus ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sound Environment ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Signature Whistles ◽  
Signature Whistle

The signature whistle of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is a well-studied acoustic signal know for broadcasting identity and maintaining contact with conspecifics. Several studies have investigated the use of this signal surrounding the birth of calves to dolphin social groups, although there appears to be discrepancies between the findings of these studies. We aimed to add to the current literature in an attempt to reconcile some of these inconsistencies through investigation of signature whistle production by a bottlenose dolphin group two months prior to and two months following the birth of a calf to one of the social group members. We found that the production of signature whistles matching the contour belonging to our dolphin mother increased significantly in both the pre- and post-partum period. Heightened production of the mother’s signature whistle type in the first week of our focal calf’s life supports the establishment of a recognition system within this time period. Given that learning processes associated with the sound environment appear to begin shortly after calf birth, we also explored the signature whistle rates of the other social group members in an effort to determine whether any signature whistle production influenced the development of the dolphin calf’s own signature whistle type. We found that the signature whistles of the other social group members were significantly lower than production of the mother’s signature whistle until after the first week post-partum. None of the signature whistle types appeared to influence the signature whistle development of our focal calf within the scope of this study, however, as the calf did not develop a signature whistle in her first two months of life.

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