scholarly journals TRUST MODELING: A PROBABILITY APPROACH

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Interpersonal Trust ◽  
Initial Vector ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Trust Modeling ◽  
Group A ◽  
Degroot Model ◽  
Group Members

The work is devoted to describing an application of the DeGroot model in the following analysis: is it possible to establish a consensus of opinions of members in a social group (a society). This model describes the process of changing the agents’ opinion about a certain event or statement, factoring in the effect of interpersonal trust between agents, which is modelled by Markov chains. Agents’ opinions are represented by the probability of them showing their support to a given statement (event). The interpretation of the DeGroot model is quite broad. It includes, in particular, the study of economic decision-making, the influence of public opinion on people and the fact of achieving a consensus. The paper considers the conditions under which the process of updating the opinions of agents, belonging to a social group (network), converges to a certain limit value - a consensus, i.e. a case when all agents in a social group have the same opinion on a particular issue. We also show some generalizations of the DeGroot model, namely those that concern adding time dependency to the rules of updating the opinions of agents. To test the DeGroot model, we implemented the two-dimensional case as a dynamic Microsoft Excel workbook. The paper describes 2 types of problems related to reaching a consensus, solved with the model. The first kind of problem constitutes an analysis of possibilities of obtaining the desired consensus with a given matrix of trust (interpersonal trust of agents), whilst changing the initial group members’ opinions vector about an event (statement). We also discuss a solution of the inverse problem: find the trust matrix such that the iterative opinion update process converges to the desired consensus with a given initial vector of opinions. The results we obtained may be used for analyzing the process of managing public (collective) opinion concerning certain economic decisions in a social group (network).

To compare the frequency of postoperative sore throat with I-gel versus laryngeal mask airway in patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 3232-3235
Author(s):  
M. J. Ahmed Kamal ◽  
Baber Zaheer ◽  
Naveed Ahmed Durrani ◽  
Khaleel Ahmad ◽  
Sumara Tabassam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laryngeal Mask Airway ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Sore Throat ◽  
Laryngeal Mask ◽  
Supraglottic Airway ◽  
Postoperative Sore Throat ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group B

Background: In case of general anesthesia, airway maintenance along with least complications is the most important goal of team of anesthesiologists. In case of clinical practice, the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) devices have superiority in managing supraglottic airway. Recently i-gel airway has been introduced as supraglottic airway equipment (disposable). Aim: To make comparison between laryngeal mask and I-gel with respect to postoperative complication of sore throat in case of patients who were given general anesthesia. Study design: Randomized trial Setting: Anesthesia Department Study duration: 6 after synopsis approval in total 6months of duration Methods: Candidates were divided randomly divided into two groups. In case of members of group A, patients were given i-gel where as members of group B, disposable LMA was given. General anesthesia was administered according to the standardized protocols. A day after operation, candidates were check post operatively for 24 hours, for sore throat and information was documented on Performa. Results: The candidates mean age was 44.23±15.11years in case of i-gel group members whereas 46.10±15.56 years in case of LMA group. In case of i-gel group, there were about twenty five males members and thirty five were females members . In case of LMA group members, there were about twenty six males and thirty four female members . In present case research, sore throat postoperatively was seen in case of 17(14.2%) cases, i.e. 4 (6.7%) in i-gel group while 13(21.7%) in case of LMA group. The significant difference was witnessed between members of both groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Thus i-gel is better than LMA for general anesthesia as it has fewer chances of side effects like postoperative sore throat. Keywords: Postoperative sore throat, I-gel, laryngeal mask airway, general anesthesia

Social Differentiation in the Use of English Vocabulary

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rayson ◽  
Geoffrey N. Leech ◽  
Mary Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
Social Differentiation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Spoken English ◽  
Transcription System ◽  
Group A ◽  
British National Corpus ◽  
National Corpus

In this article, we undertake selective quantitative analyses of the demographi-cally-sampled spoken English component of the British National Corpus (for brevity, referred to here as the ''Conversational Corpus"). This is a subcorpus of c. 4.5 million words, in which speakers and respondents (see I below) are identified by such factors as gender, age, social group, and geographical region. Using a corpus analysis tool developed at Lancaster, we undertake a comparison of the vocabulary of speakers, highlighting those differences which are marked by a very high X2 value of difference between different sectors of the corpus according to gender, age, and social group. A fourth variable, that of geographical region of the United Kingdom, is not investigated in this article, although it remains a promising subject for future research. (As background we also briefly examine differences between spoken and written material in the British National Corpus [BNC].) This study is illustrative of the potentiality of the Conversational Corpus for future corpus-based research on social differentiation in the use of language. There are evident limitations, including (a) the reliance on vocabulary frequency lists and (b) the simplicity of the transcription system employed for the spoken part of the BNC The conclusion of the article considers future advances in the research paradigm illustrated here.

scholarly journals Factors for the formation of Ukrainian religiosity

1999 ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
T. Dlinna
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Ethnic Community ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The People ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
Religious Dimensions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group A

The key concept of our study is "religiosity". In scientific literature, it is most often correlated with an individual or a social group, a community and understands a set of certain attributes that are inherent to them and which find expression in faith and worship of supernatural both at the level of consciousness and at the level of behavior. The object of our study is the Ukrainian people (ethnos). It should be noted that religious studies in Soviet times did not take into account the fact that human existence is possible only in the conditions of a certain ethnic community, an individual is, above all, a certain ethnotype, and, moreover, it does not study the religious dimensions of the ethno-national being of that another people. Religion itself, if considered as a special, long-standing state of consciousness, as a certain system, which is a set of elements (ideas, representations) that interact with each other and with the environment, form a stable integrity, can be considered an integral part of ethno-national mentality. According to M.Kostomarov, folk religiosity is a special view that the people have in their religion and that it does not constitute any kind of whole religion, nor a certain sect. Today it is universally accepted that the national type of religiosity exists on the ordinary level of consciousness, is a complex syncretic entity. The history of its formation does not coincide with the history of the doctrine of a certain denomination. However, it is clear that the religiosity of Ukrainians, posing an integral part of the mentality and spirituality of the people, has a history of its formation. It is a consequence of the influence of a complex of factors that predetermined the way of life of the Ukrainian people in a certain natural geographic and cultural-historical space.

Part V The Scope of Refugee Protection, Ch.40 Women in Refugee Jurisprudence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dauvergne Catherine
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
The State ◽  
Refugee Protection ◽  
Refugee Law ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Significant Tendency ◽  
Refugee Claimants ◽  
Group A ◽  
State Protection

This chapter investigates the state of refugee law jurisprudence about women. It begins by surveying recent scholarship in this area, highlighting two points: first, that the production of scholarship about women as refugee claimants has slowed; and secondly, that the issues being researched and written about are generally the same as those on offer since the 1990s. Stagnated progress is not to say that decisions about women have not become central to refugee law jurisprudence. Women have indeed moved from the margins to the centre of refugee law. The chapter then analyses elements of the refugee definition in turn, considering how each applies to women. These elements include well-founded fear, being persecuted, reasons for being persecuted, nexus, and exclusion. This structure is a useful rubric for summarizing trends, and isideal for demonstrating that because every element of the refugee definition must be satisfied in order for a claim to be successful, there is a significant tendency for problems to slip from one definitional element to another as the jurisprudence advances. In other words, once it becomes settled law that women can fit in the category of membership in a particular social group, a series of contestations then emerge in another area such as nexus or State protection. This tendency for slippage has driven forward much jurisprudential growth.

scholarly journals Watch me, watch you: ritual participation increases in-group displays and out-group monitoring in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1805) ◽  
pp. 20190437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole J. Wen ◽  
Aiyana K. Willard ◽  
Michaela Caughy ◽  
Cristine H. Legare
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Monitoring

Collective rituals serve social functions for the groups that perform them, including identifying group members and signalling group commitment. A novel social group paradigm was used in an afterschool programme ( N = 60 4–11-year-olds) to test the influence of participating in a ritual task on in-group displays and out-group monitoring over repeated exposures to the group. The results demonstrate that ritual participation increases in-group displays (i.e. time spent displaying materials to in-group members) and out-group monitoring (i.e. time spent looking at out-group members) compared with a control task across three time points. This study provides evidence for the processes by which rituals may influence children's behaviours towards in- and out-group members and discusses implications for understanding the development of ritual cognition and behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.

Practitioner's View on the Future of Economic Decision-Making in Project Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-55
Author(s):  
Brian J. Galli
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Project Management ◽  
Future Trend ◽  
Team Size ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
The Future ◽  
Financial Decision ◽  
The Cost

As of now, the best means to plan for the future is project management because it has been proven effective in problem-solving and generating solutions. Few projects entail economic decision-making because of the cost factor, but the wrong decisions can be made because of the complications that come with making economic decisions. However, financial decision-making does not only entail gathering information and making decisions accordingly. The economy must be analyzed and the future economy must be estimated for any economic decisions to be viable. This study highlights the future trend, as well as the significance of economic decision-making within project management. Furthermore, it tests several factors: economic decision-making influence, creativity, risk profile, and the management team size for a successful project. Primarily, this study will assess how significant economic decision-making is in project management.

Experimental evidence that acorn woodpeckers recognize relationships among third parties no longer living together

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1257-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Pardo ◽  
Eric L Walters ◽  
Walter D Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Living Together ◽  
Melanerpes Formicivorus ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Acorn Woodpeckers ◽  
Group Relationships

Abstract Triadic awareness, or knowledge of the relationships between others, is essential to navigating many complex social interactions. While some animals maintain relationships with former group members post-dispersal, recognizing cross-group relationships between others may be more cognitively challenging than simply recognizing relationships between members of a single group because there is typically much less opportunity to observe interactions between individuals that do not live together. We presented acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus), a highly social species, with playback stimuli consisting of a simulated chorus between two different individuals, a behavior that only occurs naturally between social affiliates. Subjects were expected to respond less rapidly if they perceived the callers as having an affiliative relationship. Females responded more rapidly to a pair of callers that never co-occurred in the same social group, and responded less rapidly to callers that were members of the same social group at the time of the experiment and to callers that last lived in the same group before the subject had hatched. This suggests that female acorn woodpeckers can infer the existence of relationships between conspecifics that live in separate groups by observing them interact after the conspecifics in question no longer live in the same group as each other. This study provides experimental evidence that nonhuman animals may recognize relationships between third parties that no longer live together and emphasizes the potential importance of social knowledge about distant social affiliates.

Impediments Faced By Women SHGs under Integrated Watershed Management Programme

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. BARIYA ◽  
P. R. Kanani ◽  
S. J. Parmar
Keyword(s):  
Watershed Management ◽  
Interpersonal Trust ◽  
Management Programme ◽  
The Self ◽  
Bank Account ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Integrated Watershed Management ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Marketing Information ◽  
Self Help Group

The present study was an attempt to identify the impediments faced by SHGs under Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP). A total of 90 women self help group members as respondents were selected from Amreli district of Gujarat. The study findings revealed that the self help group women mainly encountered with the lack of knowledge in record maintenance. Their dependency on family male member was another impediment in solving money problems. Handling of bank account in which SHG Women were unaware of the rules has continuation of project and its expansion in other villages by establishing new SHG and addition of new activities have been largely suggested by most SHG-women. Although they were found not competent in performing bank formalities, yet their co-ordination among members and interpersonal trust were intact. Internal loaning and loaning through bank, clashes in their loan taking time, lack of time for meeting, dependency on members of family, and lack of marketing information needed major reforms as suggested by SHG members.

scholarly journals THE HEIDER BALANCE: A CONTINUOUS APPROACH

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (05) ◽  
pp. 707-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRZYSZTOF KUŁAKOWSKI ◽  
PRZEMYSŁAW GAWROŃSKI ◽  
PIOTR GRONEK
Keyword(s):  
Connected Graph ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Structure Theorem ◽  
System Size ◽  
Random Numbers ◽  
Continuous Approach ◽  
Internal Relations ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Fully Connected

The Heider balance (HB) is investigated in a fully connected graph of N nodes. The links are described by a real symmetric array r (i, j), i, j =1, …, N. In a social group, nodes represent group members and links represent relations between them, positive (friendly) or negative (hostile). At the balanced state, r (i, j) r (j, k) r (k, i) > 0 for all the triads (i, j, k). As follows from the structure theorem of Cartwright and Harary, at this state the group is divided into two subgroups, with friendly internal relations and hostile relations between the subgroups. Here the system dynamics is proposed to be determined by a set of differential equations, [Formula: see text]. The form of equations guarantees that once HB is reached, it persists. Also, for N =3 the dynamics reproduces properly the tendency of the system to the balanced state. The equations are solved numerically. Initially, r (i, j) are random numbers distributed around zero with a symmetric uniform distribution of unit width. Calculations up to N =500 show that HB is always reached. Time τ(N) to get the balanced state varies with the system size N as N-1/2. The spectrum of relations, initially narrow, gets very wide near HB. This means that the relations are strongly polarized. In our calculations, the relations are limited to a given range around zero. With this limitation, our results can be helpful in an interpretation of some statistical data.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document