scholarly journals The Cognitive Processes Underlying Moral Judgment Across Development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Chalik ◽  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel ◽  
Marjorie Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Moral Belief ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Made In

Some moral philosophers have suggested that a basic prohibition against intentional harm ought to be at the core of moral belief systems across human societies. Yet, experimental work suggests that not all harm is created equal—people often respond more negatively to harm that occurs among fellow social group members, rather than between members of different groups. The present two studies investigated how concerns about social group membership factor into the moral judgment system. Adults (N = 111, Study 1) and children (N = 110, Study 2) evaluated instances of inter- and intra-group harm under varying levels of cognitive load. Both children and adults responded more slowly to intergroup harm than to intragroup harm. Furthermore, adults under cognitive load rated intergroup harm more leniently than intragroup harm, but adults who were not under load rated the two types of behaviors similarly. These findings suggest that across development, evaluations of intergroup harm rely more heavily on conscious deliberation than evaluations of intragroup harm. Thus, people's evaluations of harmful behaviors are made in light of information about the social category membership of the people involved.

scholarly journals Social Identity Theory and Communication

Communication ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Rowling
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members

In the 1970s, scholars in social psychology began exploring the process by which individuals attach their own identity to the groups in which they associate. This gave rise to social identity theory, which rests on the notion that, through largely unconscious cognitive processes, individuals who value and closely identify with a particular social group (e.g., familial, ethnic, religious, gender, partisan, national, etc.) will tend to take on characteristics and exhibit behaviors that are consistent with positive attributes associated with that group. Social identity theory also suggests that individuals do more than merely identify with the social groups to which they belong; they also derive comfort, security, and self-esteem from these groups. As a result, group members often engage in favoritism toward their own social group and, at times, denigration of other social groups as a way to protect or enhance their own group identity. Because individuals identify with multiple groups, the concept of salience is also crucial to our understanding of social identity theory. Specifically, individuals will seek to protect or enhance a particular group identity (through words or actions) when they perceive it to be threatened or they sense an opportunity to promote or enhance it. Given the obvious import and relevance of these dynamics to various aspects of society, research on social identity theory has grown exponentially over the past several decades, especially within the social sciences. Scholars in the fields of psychology, sociology, political science, and communication, for example, have increasingly paid attention to and incorporated social identity theory into their study of everything from how politicians communicate to how people vote to how people interact with other cultures. Notably, within the field of communication, the value of social identity theory rests with its ability to explain or predict messaging and response behaviors when a particular group identity is made salient. Thus, social identity theory is a robust theoretical framework that, in recent years, has had broad appeal and application across a number of academic disciplines. With a focus on the intersection of social identity theory and communication research, this article seeks to identify the foundational works within this area of research, recognize the primary journals in which this research can be found, discuss the key concepts and terms associated with this research, and explore how social identity theory has evolved both theoretically and empirically since its inception in the 1970s.

scholarly journals How social contexts affect cognition: mentalizing interferes with sense of agency during voluntary action

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nura Sidarus ◽  
Patrick Haggard ◽  
Frederike Beyer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
The Social

Living in complex social structures, humans have evolved a unique aptitude for mentalizing. On one view, mentalizing has shaped neurocognitive evolution, yet, little is known about how mentalizing interacts with other cognitive processes. For social animals, the actions of one individual often impact others. “Sense of agency” refers to the feeling of control over the outcomes of one’s actions, providing a precursor of responsibility. Here, we test a model of how social context influences this key feature of human action, even when action outcomes are not specifically social.We show that the presence of another potential agent reduces sense of agency for both positive and negative outcomes. This dissociates social modulation of sense of agency from classical self-serving bias, since the latter would reduce sense of agency only for undesirable outcomes. Instead, we propose that the cognitive load involved in decision-making is increased by the requirement to mentalize, and compute the possible actions of others, and their outcomes. In a second experiment, we test this hypothesis by comparing two situations, in which participants either need to consider potential actions of another person, or potential failures of a causal mechanism not involving any person. We find reduced sense of agency only in the social condition, suggesting that the presence of another intentional agent has a unique influence on the cognitive processes underlying one’s own voluntary action. Previous work primarily focussed on social facilitation of human cognition. However, when people must incorporate the potential actions of others into their decision-making, we show that the resulting cognitive load reduces individuals’ feelings of control.

scholarly journals DEMOKRASI DAN GERAKAN SOSIAL (BAGAIMANA GERAKAN MAHASISWA TERHADAP DINAMIKA PERUBAHAN SOSIAL)

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Idil Akbar
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Student Movement ◽  
Political Event ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Agent Of Change ◽  
Descriptive Method

The inception of social groups nowadays believed as positive indication cultivation of democracy in some country, including Indonesia. The existence of social group aims to create a social change better and gratify the people interest. One of the social group is student movement that in any political event has become the pioneer for social change. This article aims to analyze how does democracy become important factor to a social movement, particularly student movement to an occurrence of social change in Indonesia. This research using a qualitative descriptive method to analyze how is social movement and democracy in Indonesia, especially related to student movement through to social change. As a result that student movement is the most important thing to realizing social change. As an agent of change, the idealism of student is valued indicator-weather social change has moved as well or perhaps full of political interest. The student movement also becomes indicator for sustainability of democracy. 

‘Oku Mi Ko Gbodo Sun Ita’

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-144
Author(s):  
O. Olasupo Thompson ◽  
S. Abiodun Afolabi ◽  
Onyekwere George Felix Nwaorgu ◽  
Rebecca Remi Aduradola
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Government ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Local Levels

Burial of human beings in houses or within residential premises is a common occurrence in developing countries. Despite the negative impacts it has on the social and economic lives of the people and society at large, particularly on public health, this norm has continued. However, this area has not been given adequate attention in recent scholarship. Against this backdrop, this article traces the development, appropriation, and misappropriation of burial sites and public cemeteries among the indigenous people of Egba land. It also examines the responses of the government to this phenomenon. This study was done through the use of archival sources, extant literature, media reports, pictographs, and interviews. The study reveals that the misappropriation of burial sites and cemeteries is a result of indigenous belief systems, illiteracy, inadequate lands for burial and cemeteries, cost and proximity of burial sites, and insecurity, among other things. It also finds that the few who appropriate burial sites and cemeteries were educated, enlightened, and averagely wealthy individuals, socially placed individuals. It recommends that governments at both state and local levels, particularly local levels that are vested with the maintenance of burial sites and cemeteries, should be strengthened to adequately appropriate cemeteries and burial sites in Egba land, south west Nigeria, like most indigenous people.

scholarly journals The possible as a field of inquiry

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vlad Petre Glăveanu
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Ontology ◽  
Counterfactual Thinking ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Field Of Inquiry ◽  
Made In

In this editorial I introduce the possible as an emerging field of inquiry in psychology and related disciplines. Over the past decades, significant advances have been made in connected areas – counterfactual thinking, anticipation, prospection, imagination and creativity, etc. – and several calls have been formulated in the social sciences to study human beings and societies as systems that are open to possibility and to the future. However, engaging with the possible, in the sense of both becoming aware of it and actively exploring it, represents a subject in need of further theoretical elaboration. In this paper, I review several existing approaches to the possible before briefly outlining a new, sociocultural account. While the former are focused on cognitive processes and uphold the old dichotomy between the possible and the actual or real, the latter grows out of a social ontology grounded in notions of difference, positions, perspectives, reflexivity, and dialogue. In the end, I argue that a better understanding of the possible can help us cultivate it in both mind and society.

scholarly journals Do Peers Affect Undergraduates’ Decisions to Switch Majors?

2021 ◽  
pp. 0013189X2110235
Author(s):  
Shi Pu ◽  
Yu Yan ◽  
Liang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Peer Effects ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Strong Nonlinearity ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Group Assignment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Job Prospects

In this study, dormitory room and social group assignment data from a college are used to investigate peer effects on college students’ decisions to switch majors. Results reveal strong evidence of such peer effects at both the room and the social group level. Most notably, at the room level, the dense concentration of same-major roommates deters students from switching majors; having one or two same-major roommates has no significant effect on major switching, indicating strong nonlinearity of peer effects at the room level. Such nonlinearity is not observed among social group members. Results also reveal evidence that students’ choices of new majors are affected by peers’ majors. Peers are more likely to choose the same destination majors than nonpeers. In choosing their new majors, students do not necessarily follow their peers indiscriminately. Their decisions seem to be influenced more by short-term academic requirements than by long-term job prospects. Finally, peer effects on major switching and major choices are stronger at the dormitory room level than at the social group level in most cases.

scholarly journals A housing survey of Columbia, Missouri

1919 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
August Friedolf Larson
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Housing Situation ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In ◽  
Housing Survey

Text from page 2: "The following thesis is an investigation into one phase of the social life of Columbia, -- the conditions, of housing. The problem of the investigation is whether the people of Columbia are properly housed. A house to house survey was made in typical sections of the city for the purpose of getting the facts. If we shall discover that conditions are not satisfactory, we shall ask the question, why? Also, we shall seek to know what can be done to make conditions better, and what limits must be recognized in the possibilities of improving the housing situation, for there is much difference in advocating an Utopia and advocating something reasonably possible."

scholarly journals Politics in Society and Literature: A Marxist Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 840-842
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Politics And Literature ◽  
Communist Manifesto ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
Ideological Perspective ◽  
The Individual

One of the political theory ever formulated was The Communist Manifesto by Marx was an epoch-making philosophy that was presented before us; a war of class and materialism. The theory changed the dynamics of the 20th century. Marx gives an account of communism where they visualize a society devoid of class, state, and property that envisaged the theory of capitalism which has a huge impact on the life of million of which the genesis is the modernism. Marx crucial remarks "it is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social existence that determines their consciousness". There had been constant conflict between classes when it comes to marginalized. The question arises if there is any aesthetic of the marginalized or the oppressed that lived in the slum area. Not a single play from 1900-1920 was based on the life of marginalized. Marx as a philosopher believes that a human defines himself/herself through his consciousness and that the individual consciousness is not separate from the social group or a class. The consciousness of the social group defines the consciousness of man. Economically it's between people who are in power and the people who are deprived of it and that money is synonymous with power. The paper discusses how the "marginalized" is an ideological perspective with an extinction of progress and there is a constant conflict of war in both politics and literature when it comes to marginalized

scholarly journals People Systematically Update Moral Judgments of Blame

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Elliott Monroe ◽  
Bertram F. Malle
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Normal Process ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Human History ◽  
Systematic Processing ◽  
The Social

Six experiments examine people's updating of blame judgments and test predictions developed from a socially-regulated blame perspective. According to this perspective, blame emerged in human history as a socially costly tool for regulating other’s behavior. Because it is costly for both blamers and violators, blame is typically constrained by requirements for “warrant”— evidence that one’s moral judgment is justified. This requirement motivates people to systematically process available causal and mental information surrounding a violation. That is, people are relatively calibrated and even-handed in utilizing evidence that either amplifies or mitigates blame. Such systematic processing should be particularly visible when people update their moral judgments. Using a novel experimental paradigm, we test two sets of predictions derived from the socially-regulated blame perspective and compare them with predictions from a motivated-blame perspective. Studies 1-4 demonstrate (across student, internet, and community samples) that moral perceivers systematically grade updated blame judgments in response to the strength of new causal and mental information, without anchoring on initial evaluations. Further, these studies reveal that perceivers update blame judgments symmetrically in response to exacerbating and mitigating information, inconsistent with motivated-blame predictions. Study 5 shows that graded and symmetric blame updating is robust under cognitive load. Lastly, Study 6 demonstrates that biases can emerge once the social requirement for warrant is relaxed—as in the case of judging outgroup members. We conclude that social constraints on blame judgments render the normal process of blame well calibrated to causal and mental information, and biases may appear when such constraints are absent.

scholarly journals Kin selection, not group augmentation, predicts helping in an obligate cooperatively breeding bird

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1743) ◽  
pp. 3861-3869 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Browning ◽  
S. C. Patrick ◽  
L. A. Rollins ◽  
S. C. Griffith ◽  
A. F. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Breeding ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Kin Selection ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Breeding Bird ◽  
Direct Benefits ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Large Groups

Kin selection theory has been the central model for understanding the evolution of cooperative breeding, where non-breeders help bear the cost of rearing young. Recently, the dominance of this idea has been questioned; particularly in obligate cooperative breeders where breeding without help is uncommon and seldom successful. In such systems, the direct benefits gained through augmenting current group size have been hypothesized to provide a tractable alternative (or addition) to kin selection. However, clear empirical tests of the opposing predictions are lacking. Here, we provide convincing evidence to suggest that kin selection and not group augmentation accounts for decisions of whether, where and how often to help in an obligate cooperative breeder, the chestnut-crowned babbler ( Pomatostomus ruficeps ). We found no evidence that group members base helping decisions on the size of breeding units available in their social group, despite both correlational and experimental data showing substantial variation in the degree to which helpers affect productivity in units of different size. By contrast, 98 per cent of group members with kin present helped, 100 per cent directed their care towards the most related brood in the social group, and those rearing half/full-sibs helped approximately three times harder than those rearing less/non-related broods. We conclude that kin selection plays a central role in the maintenance of cooperative breeding in this species, despite the apparent importance of living in large groups.

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