Acupuncture Points of the Cranial Nerves

1984 ◽  
Vol 12 (01n04) ◽  
pp. 80-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.C. Dung
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Western Medicine ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Acupuncture Points ◽  
The Face ◽  
Anatomical Sciences ◽  
Basic Medical

An attempt is made to name most of the acupuncture points in the face and forehead region using anatomic nomenclature known to western medicine. All acupuncture points in the face and forehead region are located along terminal or cutaneous branches of the trigeminal nerve and the motor points formed between muscular branches of the facial nerve to the muscles of facial expression. It is believed such nomenclatures will be comprehensible to basic medical scientists and clinical practitioners who have knowledge of anatomical sciences.

Communications Between the Trigeminal Nerve and the Facial Nerve in the Face

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1643-1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Hwang ◽  
Su Cheol Yang ◽  
Ju Sung Song
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
The Face

scholarly journals Cephalic tetanus manifesting as isolated facial nerve palsy- a case report from rural Armenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 1770-1773
Author(s):  
Armen Kishmiryan ◽  
Jeevan Gautam ◽  
Deeksha Acharya ◽  
Bishnu Mohan Singh ◽  
Armen Ohanyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Nerve Palsy ◽  
Facial Nerve Palsy ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Tetanus Antitoxin ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cephalic Tetanus ◽  
Initiation Of Therapy

Cephalic tetanus is a rare clinical form of tetanus, clinically characterized by trismus and cranial nerve palsy involving one or more cranial nerves, facial nerve being the most common. We report a case of cephalic tetanus with left-sided lower motor facial nerve palsy in a 66-year-old non-immunized patient after an untreated laceration injury. The patient had dysphagia, spasm of the muscles of mastication, asymmetry of the left side of the face, cough, shortness of breath, and stiffness of neck muscles. The presentation was unique given that the facial nerve palsy appeared prior to the occurrence of trismus, which misled the initial diagnosis towards Bell's palsy. He was successfully treated with tetanus antitoxin without any adverse events. Although widespread use of tetanus vaccine has led to a dramatic decline in this fatal disease, sporadic disease occurrence is still possible, particularly in individuals without up-to-date vaccinations. In this case report we illustrate the importance of early recognition of cephalic tetanus prior to the development of the full clinical picture. The early initiation of therapy is the key to recovery from this deadly disease. Physicians are encouraged to include cephalic tetanus as a cause of facial nerve palsy in their differential. In particular, paying attention to cases manifesting early after head or neck injury.

scholarly journals Selective Denervation of the Facial Dermato-Muscular Complex in the Rat: Experimental Model and Anatomical Basis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vlad Tereshenko ◽  
Dominik C. Dotzauer ◽  
Udo Maierhofer ◽  
Christopher Festin ◽  
Matthias Luft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Infraorbital Nerve ◽  
Immunofluorescent Staining ◽  
Surgical Model ◽  
Anatomical Basis ◽  
The Face

The facial dermato-muscular system consists of highly specialized muscles tightly adhering to the overlaying skin and thus form a complex morphological conglomerate. This is the anatomical and functional basis for versatile facial expressions, which are essential for human social interaction. The neural innervation of the facial skin and muscles occurs via branches of the trigeminal and facial nerves. These are also the most commonly pathologically affected cranial nerves, often requiring surgical treatment. Hence, experimental models for researching these nerves and their pathologies are highly relevant to study pathophysiology and nerve regeneration. Experimental models for the distinctive investigation of the complex afferent and efferent interplay within facial structures are scarce. In this study, we established a robust surgical model for distinctive exploration of facial structures after complete elimination of afferent or efferent innervation in the rat. Animals were allocated into two groups according to the surgical procedure. In the first group, the facial nerve and in the second all distal cutaneous branches of the trigeminal nerve were transected unilaterally. All animals survived and no higher burden was caused by the procedures. Whisker pad movements were documented with video recordings 4 weeks after surgery and showed successful denervation. Whole-mount immunofluorescent staining of facial muscles was performed to visualize the innervation pattern of the neuromuscular junctions. Comprehensive quantitative analysis revealed large differences in afferent axon counts in the cutaneous branches of the trigeminal nerve. Axon number was the highest in the infraorbital nerve (28,625 ± 2,519), followed by the supraorbital nerve (2,131 ± 413), the mental nerve (3,062 ± 341), and the cutaneous branch of the mylohyoid nerve (343 ± 78). Overall, this surgical model is robust and reliable for distinctive surgical deafferentation or deefferentation of the face. It may be used for investigating cortical plasticity, the neurobiological mechanisms behind various clinically relevant conditions like facial paralysis or trigeminal neuralgia as well as local anesthesia in the face and oral cavity.

Acupuncture Points of the Brachial Plexus

1985 ◽  
Vol 13 (01n04) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.C. Dung
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Trapezius Muscle ◽  
Spinal Accessory Nerve ◽  
Acupuncture Points ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Cervical Plexus ◽  
Spinal Accessory ◽  
The Third

This publication is the third of a total of six papers intended to name acupuncture points following the anatomic nomenclatures. In the first publication, acupuncture points in the head are named using terminal branches of the trigeminal nerve and the muscles of facial expression. In the second publication, acupuncture points in the neck are named using the cutaneous nerves of the cervical plexus and neuromuscular attachments formed by the spinal accessory nerve on the trapezius muscle. In this third publication, acupuncture points existing on the upper limbs are described following the terminal branches of the brachial plexus.

Anatomical study of the trigeminal and facial cranial nerves with the aid of 3.0-tesla magnetic resonance imaging

2008 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukinari Kakizawa ◽  
Tatsuya Seguchi ◽  
Kunihiko Kodama ◽  
Toshihiro Ogiwara ◽  
Tetsuo Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Normal Anatomy ◽  
Contact Points ◽  
Facial Nerves ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Trigeminal Nerves

Object Neuroimages often reveal that the trigeminal or facial nerve comes in contact with vessels but does not produce symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) or hemifacial spasm (HFS). The authors conducted this study to determine how often the trigeminal and facial nerves came in contact with vessels in individuals not suffering from TN or HFS. They also investigated the correlation between aging and the anatomical measurements of the trigeminal and facial nerves. Methods Between November 2005 and August 2006, 220 nerves in 110 individuals (60 women and 50 men; mean age 55.1 years, range 19–85 years) who had undergone brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for other reasons were studied. The lengths, angles, ratio, and contact points were measured in each individual. A correlation between each parameter and age was statistically analyzed. Results The mean (± standard deviation) length of the trigeminal nerve was 9.66 ± 1.71 mm, the mean distance between the bilateral trigeminal nerves was 31.97 ± 1.82 mm, and the mean angle between the trigeminal nerve and the midline was 9.71 ± 5.83°. The trigeminal nerve was significantly longer in older patients. Of 220 trigeminal nerves, 108 (49.0%; 51 women and 57 men) came in contact with vasculature. There was 1 contact point in 99 nerves (45%) and 2 contact points in 9 nerves (4.1%). Contact without deviation of the nerve was seen in 91 individuals (43 women and 48 men), and mild deviation was noted in 17 individuals (8 women and 9 men). There was no moderate or severe deviation in any individual in this series. The mean length of the facial nerve was 29.78 ± 2.31 mm, the mean distance between the bilateral facial nerves was 28.65 ± 2.22 mm, the angle between the nerve and midline was 69.68 ± 5.84°, and the vertical ratio at the porus acusticus was 0.467 ± 0.169. Of all facial nerves, 173 (78.6%; 101 in women and 72 in men) came in contact with some vasculature. Contact without deviation was seen on 64 sides (in 37 women and 27 men), mild deviation on 98 sides (in 57 women and 41 men), and moderate deviation on 11 sides (in 7 women and 4 men). There was no severe deviation of the facial nerve in this series. The proximal length of the facial nerve, interval, angle, and ratio against the age were significantly shorter or smaller in the older individuals. Conclusions The findings in asymptomatic individuals in this study will help in deciding which findings observed on MR images may cause symptoms. In addition, the authors describe the variations of normal anatomy in older individuals. Knowledge of the normal anatomy helps to hone the diagnostic practices for microvascular decompression, which may increase the feasible results on such surgery.

Trigemino-Bulbar Reflex Pathways

1957 ◽  
Vol 189 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Green ◽  
Jacob De Groot ◽  
Jerome Sutin
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Reflex Pathways ◽  
The Face ◽  
Vagal Reflex ◽  
Stimulation Of

In decerebrate and decerebellate cats stimulation of any division of the trigeminal nerve induces efferent volleys in the VIIth, Xth, XIth and XIIth nerves. Direct stimulation of the face, internal nares and dura mater produces similar volleys. In uncurarized animals similar stimuli cause twitches of face and neck muscles. Slowing of the heart rate may also be induced. Conduction times measured in the brainstem and cranial nerves show that conduction is very rapid in the brainstem to the level of the obex, so that large medullated fibers may be inferred. At the level of the obex a delay of 2–4 msec. occurs, presumably due to synapses and internuncial neurones. Conduction of the volleys in the Xth and XIth nerves is rapid and large fibers must be involved. Removal of the dorsal vagal nuclei does not abolish the vagal reflex which is presumed to relay at the nucleus ambiguus. The vagal responses are very easily fatigued.

The Bicentenary of Bell’s Description of the Neuroanatomical Basis of Facial Paralysis: Historical Remarks

2021 ◽  
pp. 019459982110321
Author(s):  
Giovanna Cantarella ◽  
Riccardo F. Mazzola
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Facial Paralysis ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Bell’S Palsy ◽  
Peripheral Facial Paralysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Remarks

Charles Bell was a talented and versatile Scottish anatomist, neurophysiologist, artist, and surgeon. On July 12, 1821, he reported his studies regarding facial innervation in the essay “On the Nerves,” read before the Royal Society in London. Since then, idiopathic peripheral facial paralysis has been named “Bell’s palsy.” He was the first author to describe the neuroanatomical basis of facial paralysis, in an essay enriched by beautifully self-made illustrations. The aim of this article is to trace the history of Bell’s description of the neuroanatomy of the facial nerve, reexamining his 1821 article, in which he stated that the lower facial expression muscles were dually innervated by both the fifth and seventh cranial nerves. In 1829, he rectified this conclusion, recognizing the exclusive role of the facial nerve, which he defined as the “respiratory nerve.” We offer a tribute to this polymath scientist on the bicentenary of his 1821 publication.

scholarly journals Facial nerve paralysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (39) ◽  
pp. 68-77
Author(s):  
Dorin Sarafoleanu ◽  
Andreea Bejenariu
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Facial Paralysis ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Facial Nerve Paralysis ◽  
Early Presentation ◽  
Nerve Paralysis ◽  
Common Causes

AbstractThe facial nerve, the seventh pair of cranial nerves, has an essential role in non-verbal communication through facial expression. Besides innervating the muscles involved in facial expression, the complex structure of the facial nerve contains sensory fibres involved in the perception of taste and parasympathetic fibres involved in the salivation and tearing processes. Damage to the facial nerve manifested by facial paralysis translates into a decrease or disappearance of mobility of normal facial expression.Facial nerve palsy is one of the common causes of presenting to the Emergency Room. Most facial paralysis are idiopathic, followed by traumatic, infectious, tumor causes. A special place is occupied by the child’s facial paralysis. Due to the multitude of factors that can determine or favour its appearance, it requires a multidisciplinary evaluation consisting of otorhinolaryngologist, neurologist, ophthalmologist, internist.Early presentation to the doctor, accurate determination of the cause, correctly performed topographic diagnosis is the key to proper treatment and complete functional recovery.

scholarly journals Neuralgies of the lower cranial nerves: Microsurgical posterior fossa exploration

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branislav Antic ◽  
Predrag Peric ◽  
S. Ivanovic ◽  
M. Spaic
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Trigeminal Neuralgia ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Posterior Fossa ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Hemifacial Spasm ◽  
Microvascular Decompression ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Relief Rate ◽  
Lower Cranial Nerves

Neuralgias of the lower cranial nerves are trigeminal neuralgia (TN), glossopharingeal neuralgia (GphN), and geniculate neuralgia (GN). Microsurgical posterior fossa exploration with its variations microvascular decompression (MVD), partial sensory rhisotomy (PSR), and total sensory rhisotomy (TSR) is one of the most efficient ways of treating these neuralgias. It was performed 130 operations in 125 patients with TN, 3 in GphN patients, 1 in GN patient, 1 in GN/TN patients, 1 in GphN/GN patient, and 2 in GN/hemifacial spasm patients. Of total of 125 patients with TN, MVD was performed in 63, PSR in 18, and MVD+PSR in 44 cases. In 5 patients with recidivate TN PSR was performed. Of total 3 patients with GphN MVD was performed in 2 cases, and extirpation of a small meningeoma in 1 case (it was not seen on CT). In the patients with GN TSR of intermediate nerve was performed, in GN/TN patients TSR of intermediate nerve and PSR of trigeminal nerve was performed, in the GN/GphN patients MVD of glossopharingeal and TSR of intermediate nerve were performed, and in the GN/hemifacial spasm patients TSR of intermediate and MVD of facial nerve were performed. The results of TN patients are: excellent in 82,4%, good in 12%, and poor in 5,6% of patients. There is no difference in complete pain relief, rate of recurrence, and complications between MVD, MVD+PSR and PSR operative groups (p>0,05). Among patients with other neuralgias the following results are noted: excellent in 4, good in 3, and poor in 1 patient. Microsurgical posterior fossa exploration is the method of choice in the treatment of the neuralgias of the lower cranial nerves.

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