Trigemino-Bulbar Reflex Pathways

1957 ◽  
Vol 189 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Green ◽  
Jacob De Groot ◽  
Jerome Sutin
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Reflex Pathways ◽  
The Face ◽  
Vagal Reflex ◽  
Stimulation Of

In decerebrate and decerebellate cats stimulation of any division of the trigeminal nerve induces efferent volleys in the VIIth, Xth, XIth and XIIth nerves. Direct stimulation of the face, internal nares and dura mater produces similar volleys. In uncurarized animals similar stimuli cause twitches of face and neck muscles. Slowing of the heart rate may also be induced. Conduction times measured in the brainstem and cranial nerves show that conduction is very rapid in the brainstem to the level of the obex, so that large medullated fibers may be inferred. At the level of the obex a delay of 2–4 msec. occurs, presumably due to synapses and internuncial neurones. Conduction of the volleys in the Xth and XIth nerves is rapid and large fibers must be involved. Removal of the dorsal vagal nuclei does not abolish the vagal reflex which is presumed to relay at the nucleus ambiguus. The vagal responses are very easily fatigued.

TRIGEMINAL PROJECTIONS IN THE RETICULAR FORMATION OF THE PONS IN THE CAT

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
J. M. Langlois ◽  
Guy Lamarche
Keyword(s):  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Unit Activity ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Pontine Reticular Formation ◽  
Recording Unit ◽  
Spatial Convergence ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Stimulation Of

The projections of the trigeminal nerve in the pontine reticular formation of the cat have been investigated by recording unit activity, after physiological stimulation of the face, in 30 "encéphales isolés" preparations. No somatotopical arrangement was found but a high degree of spatial convergence onto pontine reticular units exists and a certain degree of functional organization was observed.

Transcorneal stimulation of trigeminal nerve afferents to increase cerebral blood flow in rats with cerebral vasospasm: a noninvasive method to activate the trigeminovascular reflex

2002 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 1179-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basar Atalay ◽  
Hayrunnisa Bolay ◽  
Turgay Dalkara ◽  
Figen Soylemezoglu ◽  
Kamil Oge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Vasospasm ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Noninvasive Method ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fine Print ◽  
Stimulation Of

Object. The goal of this study was to investigate whether stimulation of trigeminal afferents in the cornea could enhance cerebral blood flow (CBF) in rats after they have been subjected to experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Cerebral vasospasm following SAH may compromise CBF and increase the risks of morbidity and mortality. Currently, there is no effective treatment for SAH-induced vasospasm. Direct stimulation of the trigeminal nerve has been shown to dilate constricted cerebral arteries after SAH; however, a noninvasive method to activate this nerve would be preferable for human applications. The authors hypothesized that stimulation of free nerve endings of trigeminal sensory fibers in the face might be as effective as direct stimulation of the trigeminal nerve. Methods. Autologous blood obtained from the tail artery was injected into the cisterna magna of 10 rats. Forty-eight and 96 hours later (five rats each) trigeminal afferents were stimulated selectively by applying transcorneal biphasic pulses (1 msec, 3 mA, and 30 Hz), and CBF enhancements were detected using laser Doppler flowmetry in the territory of the middle cerebral artery. Stimulation-induced changes in cerebrovascular parameters were compared with similar parameters in sham-operated controls (six rats). Development of vasospasm was histologically verified in every rat with SAH. Corneal stimulation caused an increase in CBF and blood pressure and a net decrease in cerebrovascular resistance. There were no significant differences between groups for these changes. Conclusions. Data from the present study demonstrate that transcorneal stimulation of trigeminal nerve endings induces vasodilation and a robust increase in CBF. The vasodilatory response of cerebral vessels to trigeminal activation is retained after SAH-induced vasospasm.

Reflex Responses in Human Jaw, Lip, and Tongue Muscles Elicited by Mechanical Stimulation

1987 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Weber ◽  
Anne Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Observable Effect ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Spindle Afferents ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Reflex Responses ◽  
Reflex Pathways ◽  
Tongue Muscles ◽  
Jaw Muscle ◽  
Stimulation Of

Reflex responses in human jaw, lip, and tongue muscles were elicited with brief, innocuous mechanical stimuli. Stimuli were applied to the masseter (and overlying tissue), the lower lip vermilion, and the tongue dorsum. Reflex responses occurred in masseter, orbicularis oris inferior, and genioglossus muscles upon direct stimulation of the sites associated with each of these muscles. In contrast, reflex responses to stimulation of "distant" sites occurred almost exclusively in masseter; that is, stimulation of the lip and tongue produced responses in masseter, but, stimulation of jaw muscle spindle afferents and overlying cutaneous receptors had no observable effect on activity in genioglossus or orbicularis oris inferior muscles. It could be hypothesized that the motoneuron pools controlling jaw muscles are more sensitive to synaptic inputs generated by reflex pathways originating in other structures. The sensitivity of the masseter muscle to inputs from the lip and tongue may serve to link these structures functionally.

scholarly journals Endogenous Inhibition of the Trigeminally Evoked Neurotransmission to Cardiac Vagal Neurons by Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 1841-1848 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Gorini ◽  
K. Philbin ◽  
R. Bateman ◽  
D. Mendelowitz
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor ◽  
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Muscarinic Agonist ◽  
Muscarinic Acetylcholine ◽  
Trigeminocardiac Reflex ◽  
Stimulation Of

Stimulation of the nasal mucosa by airborne irritants or water evokes a pronounced bradycardia accompanied by peripheral vasoconstriction and apnea. The dive response, which includes the trigeminocardiac reflex, is among the most powerful autonomic responses. These responses slow the heart rate and reduce myocardial oxygen consumption. Although normally cardioprotective, exaggeration of this reflex can be detrimental and has been implicated in cardiorespiratory diseases, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). An essential component of the diving response and trigeminocardiac reflex is activation of the parasympathetic cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) in the nucleus ambiguus that control heart rate. This study examined the involvement of cholinergic receptors in trigeminally evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents in CVNs in an in vitro preparation from rats. CVNs were identified using a retrograde tracer injected into the fat pads at the base of the heart. Application of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine significantly decreased the amplitude of glutamatergic neurotransmission to CVNs on stimulation of trigeminal fibers. Whereas nicotine did not have any effect on the glutamatergic responses, the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonist bethanechol significantly decreased the excitatory neurotransmission. Atropine, an mAChR antagonist, facilitated these responses indicating this trigeminally evoked brain stem pathway in vitro is endogenously inhibited by mAChRs. Tropicamide, an m4 mAChR antagonist, prevented the inhibitory action of the muscarinic agonist bethanechol. These results indicate that the glutamatergic synaptic neurotransmission in the trigeminally evoked pathway to CVNs is endogenously inhibited in vitro by m4 mAChRs.

scholarly journals A near catastrophe from trigeminocardiac reflex

2017 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 124-126
Author(s):  
Parmod Bithal ◽  
Ravees Jan ◽  
Khalid Qadah ◽  
Ghadah Al Kahtani
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Female Patient ◽  
Gastric Motility ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Trigeminocardiac Reflex ◽  
Brainstem Reflex ◽  
The Face ◽  
Refractory Hypotension ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractTrigeminocardiac reflex is a brainstem reflex that results from stimulation of any branch of the trigeminal nerve along its course. It produces a constellation of signs and symptoms decrease in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate, dysrhythmias, apnoea and increased gastric motility. We present a case of 80-year-old female patient who developed alarming hypotension and bradycardia during craniotomy for meningioma excision resulting from this reflex. In the face of refractory hypotension despite administering ephedrine and phenylephrine, we had to resort to adrenaline to restore her normal BP.

Vagal bradycardia elicited by stimulation of the external cuneate nucleus in the cat

1978 ◽  
Vol 235 (5) ◽  
pp. R286-R293
Author(s):  
J. Ciriello ◽  
F. R. Calaresu
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Cuneate Nucleus ◽  
External Cuneate Nucleus ◽  
Vagal Bradycardia ◽  
A Site ◽  
Dorsal Spinal ◽  
Stimulation Of

The role of the external cuneate nucleus (ECN) in the control of heart rate was systematically investigated in 26 chloralosed and 2 decerebrated, paralyzed, and artifically ventilated cats. Electrical stimulation of histologically verified sites in the ventral ECN and dorsal spinal trigeminal tract elicited a marked decrease in heart rate, with threshold currents of 5-25 muA and an optimal frequency of 20 Hz when using a 0.2 ms pulse; this response was shown to be due to vagal excitation. In seven experiments intravenous pentobarbital sodium decreased the magnitude of the bradycardia elicited by stimulation of the ECN, of the nucleus ambiguus (AMB), and of the cervical vagus significantly less than the response from the nucleus of the tractus solitarius. In eight additional experiments in cats with lesions of the AMB made 11-27 days earlier stimulation of the ECN elicited a bradycardia of the same magnitude as that observed in intact animals, although the bradycardia elicited by stimulation of the ipsilateral cervical vagus was significantly reduced by the lesion. Similarly, lesions of the ECN in four cats significantly attenuated the bradycardia elicited by stimulation of the ipsilateral cervical vagus. These results suggest that the ECN is a site of origin of cardioinhibitory axons in the cat.

Cardiorespiratory responses following isoproterenol injection in rabbits

1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Winn ◽  
J. R. Hildebrandt ◽  
J. Hildebrandt
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Heart Rate Response ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Carotid Bodies ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
The Common ◽  
Stimulation Of

Receptor sites for the ventilatory response to isoproterenol were investigated in anesthetized rabbits with bolus injections in the common carotid artery (ia) and in the vena cava (iv). The delay from injection to the increase in ventilation (TVE) was significantly shorter following ia (1.5 s) compared to iv injections (about 5 s). The delay to the increase in heart rate (THR) was significantly shorter after iv (about 4.5 s) than after ia injections (12.5 s). When isoproterenol and NaCN injections were compared, there was no difference in TVE. Following carotid body resection, the VE response to isoproterenol was greatly reduced after iv and ia injections; however, THR was unaffected. In intact animals breathing 100% O2 the VE response to isoproterenol was significantly reduced with no change in TVE or in the heart rate response. We conclude that the ventilatory increase following the injection of isoproterenol is due primarily to direct stimulation of the carotid bodies.

Unilateral nasal pain with migraine features

Cephalalgia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1055-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Álvarez ◽  
Teresa Montojo ◽  
Beatriz de la Casa ◽  
Lydia Vela ◽  
Juan A Pareja
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
The Other ◽  
Migraine Pain ◽  
The Face ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background: Migraine attacks exclusively felt in the face are very rare, the pain involving the territories supplied by the second and third branches of the trigeminal nerve. Cases: Two patients suffering from heminasal pain attacks accompanied with typical migrainous features and responsive to oral or intranasal triptans – but not to intranasal lidocaine or oxymetazoline. In one patient, the attacks could be precipitated upon slight touching on the tip of the nose, in the other attacks were preceded by the nasal sensation typically heralding sneezing. Discussion: Migraine pain mostly develops within the innervation territory of the first branch of the trigeminal nerve, which includes the nose. Therefore, episodes of unilateral nasal pain with migrainous features could be considered a migraine with unusual topography (nasal migraine). Painful nasal attacks occasionally preceded by stimulation of trigeminal afferents in the nose, could be conceived of as migraine-tic syndrome.

scholarly journals Selective Denervation of the Facial Dermato-Muscular Complex in the Rat: Experimental Model and Anatomical Basis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vlad Tereshenko ◽  
Dominik C. Dotzauer ◽  
Udo Maierhofer ◽  
Christopher Festin ◽  
Matthias Luft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Infraorbital Nerve ◽  
Immunofluorescent Staining ◽  
Surgical Model ◽  
Anatomical Basis ◽  
The Face

The facial dermato-muscular system consists of highly specialized muscles tightly adhering to the overlaying skin and thus form a complex morphological conglomerate. This is the anatomical and functional basis for versatile facial expressions, which are essential for human social interaction. The neural innervation of the facial skin and muscles occurs via branches of the trigeminal and facial nerves. These are also the most commonly pathologically affected cranial nerves, often requiring surgical treatment. Hence, experimental models for researching these nerves and their pathologies are highly relevant to study pathophysiology and nerve regeneration. Experimental models for the distinctive investigation of the complex afferent and efferent interplay within facial structures are scarce. In this study, we established a robust surgical model for distinctive exploration of facial structures after complete elimination of afferent or efferent innervation in the rat. Animals were allocated into two groups according to the surgical procedure. In the first group, the facial nerve and in the second all distal cutaneous branches of the trigeminal nerve were transected unilaterally. All animals survived and no higher burden was caused by the procedures. Whisker pad movements were documented with video recordings 4 weeks after surgery and showed successful denervation. Whole-mount immunofluorescent staining of facial muscles was performed to visualize the innervation pattern of the neuromuscular junctions. Comprehensive quantitative analysis revealed large differences in afferent axon counts in the cutaneous branches of the trigeminal nerve. Axon number was the highest in the infraorbital nerve (28,625 ± 2,519), followed by the supraorbital nerve (2,131 ± 413), the mental nerve (3,062 ± 341), and the cutaneous branch of the mylohyoid nerve (343 ± 78). Overall, this surgical model is robust and reliable for distinctive surgical deafferentation or deefferentation of the face. It may be used for investigating cortical plasticity, the neurobiological mechanisms behind various clinically relevant conditions like facial paralysis or trigeminal neuralgia as well as local anesthesia in the face and oral cavity.

scholarly journals Dosing study of esmolol for reducing hemodynamic changes during lightwand intubation

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-423
Author(s):  
Jin Ku Kang ◽  
Sie Hyeon Yoo ◽  
Jin Hun Chung ◽  
Nan Seol Kim ◽  
Ho Soon Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Rate Pressure Product ◽  
Hemodynamic Changes ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background: Lightwand is a convenient tool that can be used instead of a laryngoscope for intubation. Tracheal intubation causes direct stimulation of the larynx, drastically increasing hemodynamic values including blood pressure and heart rate. This study aims to identify the effect of different doses of esmolol on hemodynamic changes during lightwand intubation.Methods: The study subjects included 140 patients who underwent general anesthesia for elective surgery. The patients were randomly divided into four groups (35 patients in each group). The ‘C’ group only received 20 ml of normal saline, while the ‘E0.5’, ‘E1’, and ‘E2’ groups received 20 ml of normal saline containing esmolol—0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, and 2 mg/kg, respectively, injected 2 min prior to intubation. The patients’ blood pressure, heart rate, and rate-pressure product were measured six times, before and after the intubation.Results: The degree of heart rate elevation was suppressed in the E1 and E2 groups compared to the C group, and RPP after intubation significantly decreased in the E2 group compared to the C group.Conclusions: 1–2 mg/kg of a single esmolol injection prior to lightwand intubation effectively blunts heart rate elevation, and 2 mg/kg of esmolol injection blunts rate-pressure product elevation.

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