scholarly journals ON THE ORIGIN OF TIME AND THE UNIVERSE

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2515-2523 ◽  
Author(s):  
VISHNU JEJJALA ◽  
MICHAEL KAVIC ◽  
DJORDJE MINIC ◽  
CHIA-HSIUNG TZE
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Theory ◽  
Geodesic Distance ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Arrow Of Time ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Infinite Dimensional ◽  
Zero Entropy ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Low Entropy ◽  
The Universe

We present a novel solution to the low entropy and arrow of time puzzles of the initial state of the universe. Our approach derives from the physics of a specific generalization of Matrix theory put forth in earlier work as the basis for a quantum theory of gravity. The particular dynamical state space of this theory, the infinite-dimensional analogue of the Fubini–Study metric over a complex nonlinear Grassmannian, has recently been studied by Michor and Mumford. The geodesic distance between any two points on this space is zero. Here we show that this mathematical result translates to a description of a hot, zero entropy state and an arrow of time after the Big Bang. This is modeled as a far from equilibrium, large fluctuation driven, "freezing by heating" metastable ordered phase transition of a nonlinear dissipative dynamical system.

scholarly journals THE BIG BANG AS THE ULTIMATE TRAFFIC JAM

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 2257-2263 ◽  
Author(s):  
VISHNU JEJJALA ◽  
MICHAEL KAVIC ◽  
DJORDJE MINIC ◽  
CHIA-HSIUNG TZE
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Theory ◽  
Geodesic Distance ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Final State ◽  
Physical Description ◽  
Infinite Dimensional ◽  
Big Crunch ◽  
Generally Covariant ◽  
The Big Bang

We present a novel solution to the nature and formation of the initial state of the Universe. It derives from the physics of a generally covariant extension of matrix theory. We focus on the dynamical state space of this background-independent quantum theory of gravity and matter — an infinite-dimensional, complex, nonlinear Grassmannian. When this space is endowed with a Fubini–Study-like metric, the associated geodesic distance between any two of its points is zero. This striking mathematical result translates into a physical description of a hot, zero-entropy Big Bang. The latter is then seen as a far-from-equilibrium, large-fluctuation-driven, metastable ordered transition — a "freezing by heating" jamming transition. Moreover, the subsequent unjamming transition could provide a mechanism for inflation while rejamming may model a Big Crunch, the final state of gravitational collapse.

scholarly journals Thermodynamics of the $$R_{\mathrm{h}}=ct$$ Universe: a simplification of cosmic entropy

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulvio Melia
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Arrow Of Time ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Low Entropy ◽  
The Universe

AbstractIn the standard model of cosmology, the Universe began its expansion with an anomalously low entropy, which then grew dramatically to much larger values consistent with the physical conditions at decoupling, roughly 380,000 years after the Big Bang. There does not appear to be a viable explanation for this ‘unnatural’ history, other than via the generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSL), in which the entropy of the bulk, $$S_\mathrm{bulk}$$ S bulk , is combined with the entropy of the apparent (or gravitational) horizon, $$S_{\mathrm{h}}$$ S h . This is not completely satisfactory either, however, since this approach seems to require an inexplicable equilibrium between the bulk and horizon temperatures. In this paper, we explore the thermodynamics of an alternative cosmology known as the $$R_{\mathrm{h}}=ct$$ R h = c t universe, which has thus far been highly successful in resolving many other problems or inconsistencies in $$\varLambda $$ Λ CDM. We find that $$S_{\mathrm{bulk}}$$ S bulk is constant in this model, eliminating the so-called initial entropy problem simply and elegantly. The GSL may still be relevant, however, principally in selecting the arrow of time, given that $$S_{\mathrm{h}}\propto t^2$$ S h ∝ t 2 in this model.

scholarly journals The Interplay of Order and Disorder in the Dynamical Evolution of Physical and Biological Systems

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asima Tripathy ◽  
Rajat Kumar Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Systems ◽  
Dynamical Evolution ◽  
Coarse Graining ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Order And Disorder ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Low Entropy ◽  
The Universe

We discuss the role of the opposing principles of order and disorder in physical and biological systems in determining stability, growth and evolution and bring forth the potential role of a cosmic ordering agency. We analyze its role in decreasing entropy by coarse-graining and hence in determining the initial low entropy state of the big bang universe. Since all physical and biological systems have either cycles of order and disorder alternating, or may have chaotic evolution with non-linear laws, the same is expected of the dynamics of the whole universe as well. The entropy of the initial state of the universe could be low because of the reduction of degrees of freedom (DoF) as one moves from physical encoding to neural encoding and then on to psychic encoding of information in a nested manner by coarse-graining. It is by such encoding that this cosmic agency enables the universe to pass through the big crunch phase and then rolls it out as the big bang universe from the initial state of low entropy.

Naming the Big Bang

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helge Kragh
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Consensus Model ◽  
Initial State ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Modern Cosmology ◽  
Fred Hoyle ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Origin Of The Universe

The standard model of modern cosmology is known as the hot big bang, a name that refers to the initial state of the universe some fourteen billion years ago. The name Big Bang introduced by Fred Hoyle in 1949 is one of the most successful scientific neologisms ever. How did the name originate and how was it received by physicists and astronomers in the period leading up to the hot big bang consensus model in the late 1960s? How did it reflect the meanings of the origin of the universe, a concept that predates the name by nearly two decades? Contrary to what is often assumed, the name was not an instant success—it took more than twenty years before Big Bang became a household word in the scientific community. When it happened, it was used with different connotations, as is still the case. Moreover, it was used earlier and more frequently in popular than in scientific contexts, and not always relating to cosmology. It turns out that Hoyle’s celebrated name has a richer and more surprising history than commonly assumed and also that the literature on modern cosmology and its history includes many common mistakes and errors. An etymological approach centering on the name Big Bang provides supplementary insight to the historical understanding of the emergence of modern cosmology.

scholarly journals Large Scale Anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background

1974 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Microwave Background Radiation ◽  
Cosmological Data ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

It is now generally accepted that the microwave background radiation, discovered in 1965 (Penzias and Wilson, 1965; Dicke et al., 1965), is cosmological in origin. Measurements of the spectrum of the radiation, discussed earlier in this volume by Blair, are consistent with the idea that the radiation is in fact a relic of a hot, dense, initial state of the Universe – the Big Bang. If the radiation is cosmological, measurements of both its spectrum and its angular distribution are capable of providing important – and remarkably precise – cosmological data.

scholarly journals Pre-Big-Bang Black-Hole Remnants and Past Low Entropy

Universe ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Rovelli ◽  
Francesca Vidotto
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
The State ◽  
Arrow Of Time ◽  
Bouncing Cosmology ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Low Entropy

Dark matter could be composed by black-hole remnants formed before the big-bang era in a bouncing cosmology. This hypothetical scenario has implications on the issue of the arrow of time: it upsets a common attribution of past low entropy to the state of the geometry and suggests a possible realisation of the perspectival interpretation of past low entropy.

scholarly journals Does standard cosmology really predict the cosmic microwave background?

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Hartmut Traunmüller
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Microwave Background ◽  
Boundary Surface ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Standard Cosmology ◽  
Return Path ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

In standard Big Bang cosmology, the universe expanded from a very dense, hot and opaque initial state. The light that was last scattered about 380,000 years later, when the universe had become transparent, has been redshifted and is now seen as thermal radiation with a temperature of 2.7 K, the cosmic microwave background (CMB). However, since light escapes faster than matter can move, it is prudent to ask how we, made of matter from this very source, can still see the light. In order for this to be possible, the light must take a return path of the right length. A curved return path is possible in spatially closed, balloon-like models, but in standard cosmology, the universe is “flat” rather than balloon-like, and it lacks a boundary surface that might function as a reflector. Under these premises, radiation that once filled the universe homogeneously cannot do so permanently after expansion, and we cannot see the last scattering event. It is shown that the traditional calculation of the CMB temperature is inappropriate and that light emitted by any source inside the Big Bang universe earlier than half its “conformal age” can only become visible to us via a return path. Although often advanced as the best evidence for a hot Big Bang, the CMB actually tells against a formerly smaller universe and so do also distant galaxies.

A simple all-time model for the birth, big bang, and death of the universe

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1743014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur E. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Line Element ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Final State ◽  
Cosmological Singularity ◽  
State Formula ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

We model the standard [Formula: see text]CDM model of the universe by the spatially flat FLRW line element [Formula: see text] which we extend for all time [Formula: see text]. Although there is a cosmological singularity at the big bang [Formula: see text], since the spatial part of the metric collapses to zero, nevertheless, this line element is defined for all time [Formula: see text], is [Formula: see text] for all [Formula: see text], is [Formula: see text] differentiable at [Formula: see text], and is non-degenerate and solves Friedmann’s equation for all [Formula: see text]. Thus, we can use this extended line element to model the universe from its past-asymptotic initial state [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text], through the big bang at [Formula: see text], and onward to its future-asymptotic final state [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text]. Since in this model the universe existed before the big bang, we conclude that (1) the universe was not created de novo at the big bang and (2) cosmological singularities such as black holes or the big bang itself need not be an end to spacetime. Our model shows that the universe was asymptotically created de novo out of nothing at [Formula: see text] from an unstable vacuum negative half de Sitter [Formula: see text] initial state and then dies asymptotically at [Formula: see text] as the stable positive half de Sitter [Formula: see text] final state. Since the de Sitter states are vacuum matter states, our model shows that the universe was created from nothing at [Formula: see text] and dies at [Formula: see text] to nothing.

scholarly journals Does standard cosmology really predict the cosmic microwave background?

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Hartmut Traunmüller
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Microwave Background ◽  
Boundary Surface ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Standard Cosmology ◽  
Return Path ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

In standard Big Bang cosmology, the universe expanded from a very dense, hot and opaque initial state. The light that was last scattered about 380,000 years later, when the universe had become transparent, has been redshifted and is now seen as thermal radiation with a temperature of 2.7 K, the cosmic microwave background (CMB). However, since light escapes faster than matter can move, it is prudent to ask how we, made of matter from this very source, can still see the light. In order for this to be possible, the light must take a return path of the right length. A curved return path is possible in spatially closed, balloon-like models, but in standard cosmology, the universe is “flat” rather than balloon-like, and it lacks a boundary surface that might function as a reflector. Under these premises, radiation that once filled the universe homogeneously cannot do so permanently after expansion, and we cannot see the last scattering event. It is shown that the traditional calculation of the CMB temperature is inappropriate and that light emitted by any source inside the Big Bang universe earlier than half its “conformal age” can only become visible to us via a return path. Although often advanced as the best evidence for a hot Big Bang, the CMB actually tells against a formerly smaller universe and so do also distant galaxies.

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