scholarly journals A cosmological basis for E = mc2

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1950055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulvio Melia
Keyword(s):  
Binding Energy ◽  
Mass Formula ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Gravitational Coupling ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Gravitational Radius ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
Free Falling ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Better Than

The Universe has a gravitational horizon with a radius [Formula: see text] coincident with that of the Hubble sphere. This surface separates null geodesics approaching us from those receding, and as free-falling observers within the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker space–time, we see it retreating at proper speed [Formula: see text], giving rise to the eponymously named cosmological model [Formula: see text]. As of today, this cosmology has passed over 20 observational tests, often better than [Formula: see text]CDM. The gravitational radius [Formula: see text] therefore appears to be highly relevant to cosmological theory, and in this paper we begin to explore its impact on fundamental physics. We calculate the binding energy of a mass [Formula: see text] within the horizon and demonstrate that it is equal to [Formula: see text]. This energy is stored when the particle is at rest near the observer, transitioning to a purely kinetic form equal to the particle’s escape energy when it approaches [Formula: see text]. In other words, a particle’s gravitational coupling to that portion of the Universe with which it is causally connected appears to be the origin of rest-mass energy.

scholarly journals The origin of rest-mass energy

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulvio Melia
Keyword(s):  
Binding Energy ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Higgs Field ◽  
Back Reaction ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Cosmological Observations ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Annus Mirabilis ◽  
Baryonic Mass ◽  
The Universe

AbstractToday we have a solid, if incomplete, physical picture of how inertia is created in the standard model. We know that most of the visible baryonic ‘mass’ in the Universe is due to gluonic back-reaction on accelerated quarks, the latter of which attribute their own inertia to a coupling with the Higgs field – a process that elegantly and self-consistently also assigns inertia to several other particles. But we have never had a physically viable explanation for the origin of rest-mass energy, in spite of many attempts at understanding it towards the end of the nineteenth century, culminating with Einstein’s own landmark contribution in his Annus Mirabilis. Here, we introduce to this discussion some of the insights we have garnered from the latest cosmological observations and theoretical modeling to calculate our gravitational binding energy with that portion of the Universe to which we are causally connected, and demonstrate that this energy is indeed equal to $$mc^2$$ m c 2 when the inertia m is viewed as a surrogate for gravitational mass.

An extension of the Newtonian law of gravitation

1960 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Bastin
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Relative Motion ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Velocity Of Propagation ◽  
The Universe

ABSTRACTAn attempt is made to relate such diverse phenomena as kinetic energy, rest mass energy, the size of the universe, the velocity of propagation both of light and gravitation, and the recession of the galaxies. The correlation is made by considering an extension of the Newtonian gravitational law which covers a particular simple case when the two attracting bodies are in relative motion. The extension is treated as postulatory, although in the last section using the idea of gravitational flux, the assumed gravitational law will be shown to be the simplest of a number of possible extensions to the Newtonian law. The paper implies a new approach to special relativity, and it is therefore hoped to treat aspects of the work in greater detail subsequently.

Translocations In Space-Time and Simultaneous States of the Universe: Convergent Quantifications and Alternative Solutions from the Principles of Physics for the Challenges of “Time Travel” and “Parallel Universes”

2016 ◽  
pp. 4058-4069
Author(s):  
Michael A Persinger
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Hydrogen Line ◽  
Magnetic Forces ◽  
Universal Space ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Alternative Solutions ◽  
The Universe

                                Translation of four dimensional axes anywhere within the spatial and temporal boundaries of the universe would require quantitative values from convergence between parameters that reflect these limits. The presence of entanglement and volumetric velocities indicates that the initiating energy for displacement and transposition of axes would be within the upper limit of the rest mass of a single photon which is the same order of magnitude as a macroscopic Hamiltonian of the modified Schrödinger wave function. The representative metaphor is that any local 4-D geometry, rather than displaying restricted movement through Minkowskian space, would instead expand to the total universal space-time volume before re-converging into another location where it would be subject to cause-effect. Within this transient context the contributions from the anisotropic features of entropy and the laws of thermodynamics would be minimal.  The central operation of a fundamental unit of 10-20 J, the hydrogen line frequency, and the Bohr orbital time for ground state electrons would be required for the relocalized manifestation. Similar quantified convergence occurs for the ~1012 parallel states within space per Planck’s time which solve for phase-shift increments where Casimir and magnetic forces intersect.  Experimental support for these interpretations and potential applications is considered. The multiple, convergent solutions of basic universal quantities suggest that translations of spatial axes into adjacent spatial states and the transposition of four dimensional configurations any where and any time within the universe may be accessed but would require alternative perspectives and technologies.

scholarly journals Measuring the quartic Higgs self-coupling at a multi-TeV muon collider

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Chiesa ◽  
F. Maltoni ◽  
L. Mantani ◽  
B. Mele ◽  
F. Piccinini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higgs Boson ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Simple Analysis ◽  
Proton Proton ◽  
Coupling Interaction ◽  
Center Of Mass Energy ◽  
Muon Collider ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Measuring the shape of the Higgs boson potential is of paramount importance, and will be a challenging task at current as well as future colliders. While the expectations for the measurement of the trilinear Higgs self-coupling are rather promising, an accurate measurement of the quartic self-coupling interaction is presently considered extremely challenging even at a future 100 TeV proton-proton collider. In this work we explore the sensitivity that a muon collider with a center of mass energy in the multi-TeV range and luminosities of the order of 1035cm−2s−1, as presently under discussion, might provide, thanks to a rather large three Higgs-boson production and to a limited background. By performing a first and simple analysis, we find a clear indication that a muon collider could provide a determination of the quartic Higgs self-coupling that is significantly better than what is currently considered attainable at other future colliders.

scholarly journals Photon–Photon Interactions and the Opacity of the Universe in Gamma Rays

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Alberto Franceschini
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Personal Account ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
Extragalactic Background Light ◽  
Substantial Modification ◽  
Global Coherence ◽  
Photon Interactions ◽  
Available Information ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Present Understanding

We discuss the topic of the transparency of the Universe in gamma rays due to extragalactic background light, and its cosmological and physical implications. Rather than a review, this is a personal account on the development of 30 years of this branch of physical science. Extensive analysis of the currently available information appears to us as revealing a global coherence among the astrophysical, cosmological, and fundamental physics data, or, at least, no evident need so far of substantial modification of our present understanding. Deeper data from future experiments will verify to what extent and in which directions this conclusion should be modified.

scholarly journals Fuzzy Covering-Based Three-Way Clustering

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Dandan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Boundary Region ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Entropy Theory ◽  
Fuzzy Similarity ◽  
Fuzzy Similarity Relation ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Better Than

This paper investigates the three-way clustering involving fuzzy covering, thresholds acquisition, and boundary region processing. First of all, a valid fuzzy covering of the universe is constructed on the basis of an appropriate fuzzy similarity relation, which helps capture the structural information and the internal connections of the dataset from the global perspective. Due to the advantages of valid fuzzy covering, we explore the valid fuzzy covering instead of the raw dataset for RFCM algorithm-based three-way clustering. Subsequently, from the perspective of semantic interpretation of balancing the uncertainty changes in fuzzy sets, a method of partition thresholds acquisition combining linear and nonlinear fuzzy entropy theory is proposed. Furthermore, boundary regions in three-way clustering correspond to the abstaining decisions and generate uncertain rules. In order to improve the classification accuracy, the k-nearest neighbor (kNN) algorithm is utilized to reduce the objects in the boundary regions. The experimental results show that the performance of the proposed three-way clustering based on fuzzy covering and kNN-FRFCM algorithm is better than the compared algorithms in most cases.

scholarly journals Background Light from Population III Stars

1987 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 414-414
Author(s):  
Jonathan C. McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Critical Density ◽  
Density Parameter ◽  
Extragalactic Background Light ◽  
Background Light ◽  
Far Ultraviolet ◽  
The Universe

It has been proposed (e.g. Carr, Bond and Arnett 1984) that the first generation of stars may have been Very Massive Objects (VMOs, of mass above 200 M⊙) which existed at large redshifts and left a large fraction of the mass of the universe in black hole remnants which now provide the dynamical ‘dark matter’. The radiation from these stars would be present today as extragalactic background light. For stars with density parameter Ω* which convert a fraction ϵ of their rest-mass to radiation at a redshift of z, the energy density of background radiation in units of the critical density is ΩR = εΩ* / (1+z). The VMOs would be far-ultraviolet sources with effective temperatures of 105 K. If the radiation is not absorbed, the constraints provided by measurements of background radiation imply (for H =50 km/s/Mpc) that the stars cannot close the universe unless they formed at a redshift of 40 or more. To provide the dark matter (of one-tenth closure density) the optical limits imply that they must have existed at redshifts above 25.

A Tale of Two Infinities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Bertone
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Gravitational Waves ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
Modern Cosmology ◽  
Nobel Prize In Physics ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Modern Astronomy

The spectacular advances of modern astronomy have opened our horizon on an unexpected cosmos: a dark, mysterious Universe, populated by enigmatic entities we know very little about, like black holes, or nothing at all, like dark matter and dark energy. In this book, I discuss how the rise of a new discipline dubbed multimessenger astronomy is bringing about a revolution in our understanding of the cosmos, by combining the traditional approach based on the observation of light from celestial objects, with a new one based on other ‘messengers’—such as gravitational waves, neutrinos, and cosmic rays—that carry information from otherwise inaccessible corners of the Universe. Much has been written about the extraordinary potential of this new discipline, since the 2017 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded for the direct detection of gravitational waves. But here I will take a different angle and explore how gravitational waves and other messengers might help us break the stalemate that has been plaguing fundamental physics for four decades, and to consolidate the foundations of modern cosmology.

scholarly journals The Total Energy and Momentum Stored in a Particle

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Eyal Brodet
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Decay Time ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Minimum Time ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Light Velocity ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Energy And Momentum

In this paper we reconsider the conventional expressions given by special relativity to the energy and momentum of a particle. In the current framework, the particle's energy and momentum are computed using the particle's rest mass, M and rest mass time, t_m=h/M c^2  where t_m has the same time unit as conventionally used for the light velocity c. Therefore it is currently assumed that this definition of time describes the total kinetic and mass energy of a particle as given by special relativity. In this paper we will reexamine the above assumption and suggest describing the particle's energy as a function of its own particular decay time and not with respect to its rest mass time unit. Moreover we will argue that this rest mass time unit currently used is in fact the minimum time unit defined for a particle and that the particle may have more energy stored with in it. Experimental ways to search for this extra energy stored in particles such as electrons and photons are presented.

scholarly journals How the Limit Values Work

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmological Constant ◽  
Gravitational Radius ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Event Horizons ◽  
Dirac Type ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Limiting Values ◽  
Physical Principles

The efficiency of limiting quantities as a tool for describing physics at various spatio-temporal scales is shown. Due to its universality, limit values allow us to establish relationships between, at first glance, distant from each other's characteristics. The article discusses specific examples of the use of limit values to establish such relationships between quantities at different scales. Based on the principle of reaching the limiting values on the event horizons, a connection was obtained between the Planck values and the values of the Universe. The resulting relation can be attributed to relations of the Dirac type - the coincidence of large numbers that emerged from empirical observations. In the article, the relationships between large numbers of the Dirac type are established proceeding, in a certain sense, from physical principles - the existence of limiting values. It is shown that this ratio is observed throughout the evolution of the Universe. An alternative way of solving the problem of the cosmological constant using limiting values and its relation to the minimum spatial scale is discussed. In addition, a one-parameter family of masses was introduced, including the mass of the Universe, the Planck mass and the mass of the graviton, which also establish relationships between quantities differing by 120 orders of magnitude. It is shown that entropic forces also obey the same universal limiting constraints as ordinary forces. Thus, the existence of limiting values extends to informational limitations in the Universe. It is fundamentally important that on any event horizon, regardless of its scale (i.e., its gravitational radius), the universal value of limit force c4/4G is realized. This allows you to relate the characteristics of the Universe related to various stages of its evolution.

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