The Role of Anti-Inflammatory Adipokines in Cardiometabolic Disorders: Moving beyond Adiponectin

The global burden of obesity has multiplied owing to its rapidly growing prevalence and obesity-related morbidity and mortality. In addition to the classic role of depositing extra energy, adipose tissue actively interferes with the metabolic balance by means of secreting bioactive compounds called adipokines. While most adipokines give rise to inflammatory conditions, the others with anti-inflammatory properties have been the novel focus of attention for the amelioration of cardiometabolic complications. This review compiles the current evidence on the roles of anti-inflammatory adipokines, namely, adiponectin, vaspin, the C1q/TNF-related protein (CTRP) family, secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5), and omentin-1 on cardiometabolic health. Further investigations on the mechanism of action and prospective human trials may pave the way to their clinical application as innovative biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.

Decomposition approaches for parallel machine scheduling of step-deteriorating jobs to minimize total tardiness and energy consumption

In this paper, an identical parallel machine scheduling problem with step-deteriorating jobs is considered to minimize the weighted sum of tardiness cost and extra energy consumption cost. In particular, the actual processing time of a job is assumed to be a step function of its starting time and its deteriorating threshold. When the starting time of a job is later than its deteriorating threshold, the job faces two choices: (1) maintaining its status in holding equipment and being processed with a base processing time and (2) consuming an extra penalty time to finish its processing. The two work patterns need different amounts of energy consumption. To implement energy-efficient scheduling, the selection of the pre-processing patterns must be carefully considered. In this paper, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is proposed to minimize the total tardiness cost and the extra energy cost. Decomposition approaches based on logic-based Benders decomposition (LBBD) are developed by reformulating the studied problem into a master problem and some independent sub-problems. The master problem is relaxed by only making assignment decisions. The sub-problems are to find optimal schedules in the job-to-machine assignments given by the master problem. Moreover, MILP and heuristic based on Tabu search are used to solve the sub-problems. To evaluate the performance of our methods, three groups of test instances were generated inspired by both real-world applications and benchmarks from the literature. The computational results demonstrate that the proposed decomposition approaches can compute competitive schedules for medium- and large-size problems in terms of solution quality. In particular, the LBBD with Tabu search performs the best among the suggested four methods.

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Sanksi Pidana Adat terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Melarikan Anak Perempuan Dibawah Umur di Desa Selat Kabupaten Batanghari

Special customary law of customary criminal comes from the custom of the community so it is referred to as the law born from below. Customary law as an unwritten law is the basis in determining good and bad behavior in a particular traditional society. Customary law, especially customary criminal law, has certain sanctions if one or more members of the traditional community commit irregularities or actions that are not in accordance with the norms and rules of decency (Adat Law). Article 332 of the Penal Code is understood to be taking away an immature woman with a view to mastering it, by our society is often associated with the term eloping. Eloping itself when it is interpreted simply is between a man and a woman who performs marriage without being approved by his parents or guardians. Taking away an underage woman or child abduction is again widely talked about by the public. Cases of fleeing underage women are spread almost all over Indonesia, our concerns are becoming even greater because the victims of child abduction are the majority of underage girls. To investigate, investigate and dismantle the chain of cases that are quite complicated it takes "extra energy and spirit" because of the problems of unemployment, poverty, education, gender inequality, patriarchy culture, as well as the lack of rule of law, public awareness, and the role of the authorities in addressing the problem.

Pathological and metabolic underpinnings of energetic inefficiency in temporal lobe epilepsy

The human brain consumes a disproportionate amount of energy to generate neural dynamics. Yet precisely how energetic processes are altered in neurological disorders remains far from understood. Here, we use network control theory to profile the brain's energy landscape, describing the rich dynamical repertoire supported by the structural connectome. This approach allows us to estimate the energy required to activate a circuit, and determine which regions most support that activation. Focusing on temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), we show that patients require more control energy to activate the limbic network than healthy volunteers, especially ipsilateral to the seizure focus. Further, greater energetic costs are largely localized to the ipsilateral temporo-limbic regions. Importantly, the energetic imbalance between ipsilateral and contralateral temporo-limbic regions is tracked by asymmetric metabolic patterns, which in turn are explained by asymmetric gray matter volume loss. In TLE, failure to meet the extra energy demands may lead to suboptimal brain dynamics and inadequate activation. Broadly, our investigation provides a theoretical framework unifying gray matter integrity, local metabolism, and energetic generation of neural dynamics.

Approaches and involved principles to control pH/pCO2 stability in algal cultures

Experimental cultures of both microalgae and macroalgae are commonly carried out by phycologists or environmental biologists to look into morphological, physiological, and molecular responses to aquatic environmental changes. However, the species of inorganic carbon in algae cultures is often altered by algal photosynthetic CO2 removal and/or bicarbonate utilization. The pH changes associated with altered carbonate chemistry in cultures impact physiological processes in microalgae and macroalgae even at their exponential growth phases, since extra energy is required to sustain intracellular acid–base homeostasis. Usually, pH increases during light period due to inorganic carbon uptake and utilization for photosynthesis and decreases during dark period because of respiratory CO2 release. Therefore, to obtain relevant data aimed for physiological and/or molecular responses of algae to changed levels of environmental factors, stability of pH/pCO2 in the cultures should be considered and controlled to rule out impacts of carbonate chemistry and pH changes. In this work, principles involved in changing pH processes in algal cultures are mechanistically analyzed and several approaches to control pH and pCO2 are introduced. In order to sustain stability of pH/pCO2, the principles underline the following key points: (1) maintaining the rate of photosynthetic C removal less than or equal to the rate of CO2 dissolution into the cultures which are aerated; or (2) sustaining dilute cultures with very low cell density without aeration, so that photosynthetic C removal is small enough not to cause significant pH/pCO2 changes; or (3) stabilizing the changes in micro-environments surrounding the cells or thallus. To maintain pH drift < 1% in growing typical unicellular microalgae, the recommended cell concentration ranges from 50 × 103 to 200 × 103 mL−1 with aeration (air replacement rate of ca 500–1000 mL L−1 min−1) in semi-continuous cultures of < 1 L, and it ranges from 100 to 5000 cells mL−1 for diatoms and from 100 to 100 × 103 cells mL−1 for coccolithophores in dilute cultures without aeration, respectively. For macroalgae, maintaining the thalli in flowing through- system or in semi-continuous cultures (continuously control algal biomass density) is recommended.

Impact of four fiber-rich supplements on nutrient digestibility, colostrum production, and farrowing performance in sows

This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary fiber (DF) sources on sow and litter performance, and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and nutrients. A total of 48 sows were stratified for body weight at mating and randomly assigned to one of four DF sources (mixed fiber [MF], palm kernel expellers [PKE], sugar beet pulp [SBP], or soy hulls [SH]) and fed the diet from mating until farrowing. Within DF treatments, sows were supplemented with one of two extra energy sources (glycerol or sugar dissolved in water), whereas a third group (control) received water from day 108 of gestation until farrowing. The number of total born, live-born, and stillborn pigs; birth time and birth weight of the pigs; farrowing duration; and farrowing assistance (FA) were recorded. Live-born pigs were weighed again at 12 and 24 h after birth to record weight gain, which was used to estimate intake and yield of colostrum. Blood samples were collected once daily from day −3 relative to farrowing until day 1 after farrowing in sows and once from selected pigs right after birth. Fecal samples were collected on day 114 of gestation and colostrum at 0, 12, 24, and 36 h after onset of farrowing. Intake of soluble and insoluble nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) was greater for SBP (P &lt; 0.001) and PKE (P &lt; 0.001) supplemented sows, respectively, when compared with other groups. Farrowing duration and stillbirth rate were not affected by DF sources, but PKE and SH supplemented sows had greater FA than SBP and MF supplemented sows (P &lt; 0.001). Extra energy supplement did not improve the farrowing performance. Concentration (P = 0.02) and output (P = 0.04) of dry matter in colostrum, and ATTD of GE (P &lt; 0.001) and crude protein (CP; P &lt; 0.001) were lower for PKE supplemented sows than in sows from the remaining groups. Intake of insoluble NSP correlated negatively with ATTD of GE (P &lt; 0.001) and CP (P &lt; 0.001). Concentrations of glucose (P &lt; 0.001), lactate (P &lt; 0.001), CO2 (P &lt; 0.001), and HCO3 (P &lt; 0.001) in sows blood were increased with time progress relative to farrowing. Newborn pigs from PKE supplemented sows had greater concentration of lactate (P = 0.02) and lower blood pH (P = 0.02) than the remaining treatments. In conclusion, PKE supplement reduced ATTD of GE and CP, and concentration and output of dry matter in colostrum but increased FA. Results of this experiment indicated that the use of PKE as a fiber source for late gestating sows should be avoided.

Flexible and Conductive Bioelectrodes Based on Chitosan-Carbon Black Membranes: Towards the Development of Wearable Bioelectrodes

Wearable sensors for non-invasive monitoring constitute a growing technology in many industrial fields, such as clinical or sport monitoring. However, one of the main challenges in wearable sensing is the development of bioelectrodes via the use of flexible and stretchable materials capable of maintaining conductive and biocompatible properties simultaneously. In this study, chitosan-carbon black (CH-CB) membranes have been synthesized using a straightforward and versatile strategy and characterized in terms of their composition and their electrical and mechanical properties. In this sense, CH-CB membranes showed good conductivity and mechanical resistance thanks to the presence of carbon black, which decreases the insulating behavior of chitosan, while flexibility and biocompatibility are maintained due to the dual composition of the membrane. Thus, flexible and biocompatible conductive bioelectrodes have been developed by the combined use of CH and CB without the use of toxic reagents, extra energy input, or long reaction times. The membranes were modified using the enzymes Glucose Oxidase and Laccase in order to develop flexible and biocompatible bioelectrodes for enzymatic glucose biofuel cells (BFCs) and glucose detection. A BFC assembled using the flexible bioelectrodes developed was able to deliver 15 µW cm−2, using just 1 mM glucose as biofuel, and up to 21.3 µW·cm−2 with higher glucose concentration. Additionally, the suitability of the CH-CB membranes to be used as a glucose sensor in a linear range from 100 to 600 µM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 76 µM has been proven. Such demonstrations for energy harvesting and sensing capabilities of the developed membrane pave the way for their use in wearable sensing and energy harvesting technologies in the clinical field due to their good mechanical, electrical, and biocompatible properties.

Solar Cells Efficiency enhancement using multilevel Selective Energy Contacts (SECs)

High-energy coming photons can be absorbed and lead to generate hot carriers. In normal solar cells, these carriers are scattered, by electron-electron and electron-lattice mechanisms, and rapidly lose extra energy then approach the conduction band energy edge. This event in addition to other loss mechanisms causes the efficiency reduction in the solar cells to a limited value, theoretically 33%. Accordingly, the efficiency of solar cells can be enhanced considerably, if one makes the possibility for carriers that can be extracted rapidly before scattering and releasing extra energy to the lattice. This type of solar cell is called hot carrier solar cells (HCSCs). To this end, to improve the conversional efficiency, multilevel energy selective contacts (ESCs) as a new concept and new mechanism in solar cells can be utilized. In the other words, several appropriate energy levels as carrier extraction contacts in the conduction band are introduced. Here, we use multilevel ESCs, and based on our simulation it is shown that the maximum efficiency of 75% is achievable for low bandgap materials. For a typical material such as Si, the maximum efficiency is increased to 60% using ten ESCs.

An fMRI Investigation into the Effects of Ketogenic Medium-Chain Triglycerides on Cognitive Function in Elderly Adults: A Pilot Study

Evidence suggests that oral intake of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), which promote the production of ketone bodies, may improve cognitive functions in elderly people; however, the underlying brain mechanisms remain elusive. We tested the hypothesis that cognitive improvement accompanies physiological changes in the brain and reflects the use of ketone bodies as an extra energy source. To this end, by using functional magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals were measured while 20 healthy elderly subjects (14 females and 6 males; mean age: 65.7 ± 3.9 years) were engaged in executive function tasks (N-back and Go-Nogo) after ingesting a single MCT meal (Ketonformula®) or placebo meal in a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled design (UMIN000031539). Morphological characteristics of the brain were also examined in relation to the effects of an MCT meal. The MCT meal improved N-back task performance, and this was prominent in subjects who had reduced grey matter volume in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a region known to promote executive functions. When the participants were dichotomized into high/low level groups of global cognitive function at baseline, the high group showed improved N-back task performance, while the low group showed improved Go-Nogo task performance. This was accompanied by decreased BOLD signals in the DLPFC, indicative of the consumption of ketone bodies as an extra energy source.