Investigation of Ground Heave at ICI Mond Division, Castner-Kellner Works, Runcorn

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 367-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Sibley ◽  
N. J. Vadgama
Keyword(s):  
Caustic Soda ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Alkali Solutions ◽  
Special Apparatus ◽  
Ground Conditions ◽  
Remedial Work ◽  
Unit Plant ◽  
Ground Heave

AbstractA serious crack was first noticed in the ground bearing floor slab of K-Unit Plant in September 1977, nine years after its construction. By 1981 measurements shoved the floor near the crack to have risen 80 mm above design level. Significant upward movement of structural columns and beams was also recorded. These movements were beginning to disrupt the working of the plant and in 1981 it was decided to investigate the phenomenon.A desk study showed that furnaces once stood on the site, with caustic soda storage tanks nearby. A heavy wall once occupied the approximate line of the present crack. Subsoil contamination by alkali solutions was also suspected.Ground conditions were investigated using light cable percussion boreholes. The nature of the problem, however, called for techniques not covered by BS5930. A magnetic probe extensometer was installed at the point of maximum heave, and in the laboratory soil specimens were subjected to swelling tests using special apparatus and techniques.Chemical tests and X-Ray analyses were also made.Five possible mechanisms of swelling were investigated, and it was shown that the heave resulted from a slow alkali-clay reaction. Predictions of future movements were made and these allowed the remedial work to be planned.

Effect of zeolitization on the volume-change behaviour of kaolinitic soils

2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 969-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
P V Sivapullaiah ◽  
M Manju
Keyword(s):  
Volume Change ◽  
Alkali Solution ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Alkali Solutions ◽  
Zeolite Formation ◽  
Interaction Period

An attempt has been made to study the effect of zeolite formation on the volume-change behaviour of kaolinitic soil. This is studied in terms of two criteria, namely concentration and period of interaction. Conventional consolidation tests have been carried out to determine the extent of change in swell and compressibility of kaolinitic soils remoulded with water and inundated with an alkali solution. It was observed that abnormal swell occurs during unloading when specimens were inundated with a 4N alkali solution. While allowing a longer interaction period at 6.25 kPa, it was found that swelling in kaolinitic soils is induced after time lags of 30 and 15 days on inundation with 1N and 4N alkali solutions, respectively. Equilibrium is reached after 50–70 days in kaolinitic soils, however, and loading was undertaken later. A 16% swelling was observed in kaolinitic soils when inundated with a 4N alkali solution, indicating that zeolitization of kaolinite results in swelling at the seating load provided the period of interaction is sufficient. X-ray diffraction studies confirm the formation of zeolite.Key words: alkali, consolidation, kaolinite, swelling, X-ray diffraction, zeolite.

Cinematography in Engineering

1949 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-195
Author(s):  
H. A. V. Bulleid
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Educational Medium ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Multiple Exposures ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Special Apparatus ◽  
High Speed Cinematography ◽  
Set Up

The cinematograph has become indispensable to the modern engineer, and is widely employed as an analytical, recording, and educational medium. Of these, the first only is dealt with in this paper; the others involving, in addition to an essential engineering precision, the artistic and technical resources of film construction. The author deals with the analytical aspect in relation to apparatus, detailing minimum equipment and scope; straight records, with a standardized set-up; special records, with data on camera speed; complex images and multiple exposures; high-speed cinematography, and notes on special apparatus; low-speed cinematography, including animation; special methods for recording hidden transients; X-ray, infra-red, and micro-cinematography, and simpler alternatives. The last section describes typical cases in which, for a variety of reasons, cinematography is not the best analytical tool to use. The paper concludes with sections on the marking, developing, recording, and printing of film records, and describes suitable methods and apparatus for analysing the results. Ten excerpts from 16 mm. films illustrate some of the more important applications described.

scholarly journals Laparoscopic Management of a Frameless Intrauterine Device-GyneFix embedded in the Mesentery of the Ileum

2017 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mehmet Tunç Canda ◽  
Namık Demir
Keyword(s):  
Bowel Resection ◽  
Intrauterine Device ◽  
Uterine Perforation ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
X Ray ◽  
First Case ◽  
Special Apparatus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Exploratory Laparoscopy ◽  
Uterine Fundus

<p>GyneFix® is a small, frameless, armless, flexible intrauterine device. The proximal end contains a knot that is anchored in the uterine fundus using a special apparatus. A 31-year-old woman presented with abdominal cramps ten days after GyneFix® insertion. Transvaginal ultrasonography was unsuccessful in locating the intrauterine device therefore a direct X-ray sonogram of the abdomen while standing was performed. The X-ray sonogram of the abdomen showed the intrauterine device in the right quadrant. An exploratory laparoscopy was performed and showed that the intrauterine device perforated the uterine fundus and was embedded in the mesentery of the ileum. The intrauterine device was removed without complication. Although the reported complication rates are very low for GyneFix®, practitioners should be well trained and should be aware of such complications that could lead to bowel resection. We report the first case of a GyneFix®- Intrauterine device presenting with uterine perforation and nearly intestinal perforation since its recent introduction into the Turkish market.<br /><br /></p>

scholarly journals Study on Sand Liquefaction Induced by Songyuan Earthquake with a Magnitude of M5.7 in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Li ◽  
Zhaoyang Tian ◽  
Jingshan Bo ◽  
Sheng Zhu ◽  
Yuying li
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Cone Penetration Test ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Sand Layer ◽  
Penetration Test ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Sand Liquefaction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Local Soil

Abstract A large-scale sand liquefaction producing typical and novel surface phenomena was found at the epicenter of Songyuan M5.7 earthquake occurring on May 28, 2018. Field survey and experimental test encompassing boring sampling, standard penetration test(SPT), cone penetration test(CPT), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and X-ray fluorescence(XRF) were performed to ascertain the liquefaction damage and site characteristic. Cone penetration test is an excellent assay for the identification of liquefied sand layer and acquisition of physio-mechanical parameter. Moreover, the assay is applicable for on-site post-earthquake investigation. Factors promoting the formation and controlling the distribution of the sand liquefaction were analyzed. The liquefaction impacted an 80 km2 area, and was primarily embodied as sand boil and water sprout on rice field, despite producing no significant structural damage. Due to the simple profile of local soil layer, ground motion, geomorphic condition, and groundwater level were the main factors governing the distribution of the liquefaction. Majority of the liquefied sand layer was discovered at the depth less than 10 m. However, deep layer liquefaction at the depth greater than 18 m was also discovered, which was demonstrated by the upward movement of liquefied sand towards the upper silty clay layer at the depth of 17 m. Most importantly, we have identified loess liquefaction, a phenomenon which had not been reported previously in Northeast China. Lastly, it is important to highlight the risk of significant liquefaction damage at Songyuan. Hence, investigating the liquefaction risk is potentially beneficial for augmenting planning on earthquake mitigation, engineering reconnaissance, and design project.

Stabilization/Solidification of Oily Sludge Of Petroleum Storage Tank in Cement Matrix

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
Dihia Bellache ◽  
Karim Moussaceb ◽  
Abdel Karim AIT-Mokhtar
Keyword(s):  
Setting Time ◽  
Cement Matrix ◽  
Oily Sludge ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Final Setting Time ◽  
Different Content ◽  
Mechanical Strengths ◽  
Petroleum Storage

The main objective of this paper is to investigate whether stabilization solidification by hydraulic binders (e.g. Portland cement) can be used as a solution of a particular waste: an oily petroleum sludge originated from petroleum storage tanks. An example of an Algerian refinery is taken for this purpose. After the waste characterization (X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), four mortars were prepared with different content of waste (0%, 3%, 5% and 9%). The increase in the percentage of waste in mortars increases the initial and final setting time and decrease the mechanical strengths. The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) have shown a low metal leachability.

scholarly journals The Estimation of Fœtal Maturity by a New Method of X-ray Cephalometry: Its Bearing on Clinical Midwifery

1935 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. Reece
Keyword(s):  
New Method ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Short Axis ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Circular Section ◽  
Foetal Head ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Special Apparatus

A plea is made for routine use of X-rays in antenatal work. A new method of cephalometry is described, depending on the fact that the fœtal head is a rough ovoid. It is shown that the shadows cast by ovoids may be oval or circular, but that always the diameter of the greatest circular section of an ovoid is represented in its shadow—by the diameter if the shadow be circular or by the short axis if oval. The results are applied to estimate the actual proportions of fœtal head and maternal pelvis, and also to estimate fœtal maturity. The accuracy of the method of cephalometry was tested in 100 cases of labour induced by rupture of membranes. A simple method of pelvimetry is described, and it is suggested that pelvimetry should be carried out in the early months and not later when the pelvis is obscured. No special apparatus is required and any cottage-hospital X-ray set will serve.

Conservation of underwater cannonball heritage obtained from a shipwreck in the sea of Batavia, Jakarta, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riyanto Riyanto ◽  
Imam Sahroni ◽  
Muhammad Malthuf Jazuli ◽  
M. Miqdam Musawwa ◽  
Nahar Cahyandaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Lime Water ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
Alkali Solutions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Right

Abstract The Borobudur Conservation Center in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia has received underwater cannonballs from a shipwreck in the sea near Batavia, Jakarta, Indonesia. This artifact is a shipment from the Directorate for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage and the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture. This study aims to conserve the underwater cannonball before it is stored in a museum. The removal of the protective crust of iron artifacts without the correct and proper method can cause rapid corrosion. To prevent damage, artifacts must be conserved in the right solution. This research aims to stop the process of corrosion and conserve iron objects in aqueous alkali solutions, and the potential corrosion was measured. Conservation was conducted in four stages during this research project. The first stage is the identification of weathering, and the second stage is the analysis and characterization of the corroded surface using a microscope, XRD (X-ray diffraction), XRF (X-ray fluorescence), and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The third stage is the passivation/deactivation process, which was achieved using sodium hydroxide, soapy water and kaffir lime water. The fourth stage is stabilizing/coating the iron cannonball underwater heritage materials as soon as possible using microcrystalline wax to prevent further corrosion, so this stage should solve the conservation problems associated with the object so that the objects can last for a long time. Dry and wet activated corrosion was characterized by applying XRD to the obtained mineral akageneite. The akageneite minerals were actively corroded and contained high concentrations of Cl atoms revealing dry and wet activated corrosion of 66.603% and 64.963%, respectively. After being conserved with several steps and NaOH, soapy water and kaffir lime water, inactive corrosion was observed. Based on the results of the analysis performed with XRF, the cannonball does not contain Cl, and the Fe content is 98.99%. The conservation method used in this research is excellent and appropriate to conserve cultural heritage materials, including underwater iron cannonballs.

Non-cellulosic structural polysaccharides in algal cell walls - III. Mannan in siphoneous green algae

1968 ◽  
Vol 169 (1015) ◽  
pp. 127-145 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Algal Cell ◽  
Polarization Microscopy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Orthorhombic Unit Cell ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Alkali Solutions ◽  
Growth Habits

The cell walls of a number of green seaweeds, all members of the Codiaceae and the Dasy-cladaceae and including Codium and Acetabularia , are shown to contain β -1.4-linked mannan as the sole crystalline polysaccharide in the complete absence of cellulose. The X-ray diagram of the native mannan (almost identical with that of the mannan of ivory nut and of other palm-seed endosperms) has been indexed to an orthorhombic unit cell a = 7.21 Å, b (fibre axis) = 10.27 Å, c = 8.82 Å. After treatment with alkali solutions the mannan recrystallizes in a different lattice; by analogy with cellulose we propose to name this form mannan II and the native mannan, mannan I. The lamellated walls of the central siphon of some of these algae (including Dasycladus , Batophora and Cymopolia ) may be separated into two layers. X-ray diffraction analysis and polarization microscopy show that the mannan crystallites of the outer layer tend to lie transversely to the siphon axis, with some dispersion, while those in the inner layer lie longitudinally. The inner layers therefore yield good X-ray fibre diagrams from which a provisional structure of mannan I has been derived. It has proved impossible to reveal in the electron microscope, by the techniques used, the presence of true microfibrils in these plants even when the mannan is well oriented. Electron microscope images of carbon replicas reveal at most the appearance of short rodlets some 100 Å wide. The outer and inner layers resemble respectively the primary and secondary wall layers of higher plants. Some peculiar growth habits of members of the Dasycladaceae are discussed in terms of wall architecture.

The Function of Swelling in the Finishing of Cotton

1969 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 548-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jeffries ◽  
J. O. Warwicker
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Caustic Soda ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Cellulose Ii ◽  
Cellulose I ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Swelling Agent ◽  
Degree Of Swelling ◽  
Finishing Processes ◽  
Ray Methods

The mechanism of the interfibrillar and intrafibrillar swelling of cotton has been investigated by infrared and x-ray methods. Emphasis is on swelling in caustic soda, but other reagents are also considered. The presence of intrafibrillar swelling can be shown by detection of intermediate complex formation, while the swelling agents are present. The swelling behavior and the structural changes produced in the cotton are modified by the effects of tension and also by the presence of additives in the swelling solution. Whether the swelling complexes are intermediate in the conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II, or a reconversion to cellulose I results on washing out the swelling agent and drying, depends on the degree of swelling at different stages of the process. Intrafibrillar swelling is usually accompanied by an increase in the hydrogen-bond disorder, even if reconversion to cellulose I takes place, and the detection of this increase in disorder by ir-deuteration methods may be the only indication of an intrafibrillar swelling process. An explanation of the observed behavior is put forward in terms of the concept of cellulose sheets. The ideas developed from a study of the swelling of cotton by caustic soda and other swelling agents have been used in explaining the effects found in the mercerization and other finishing processes applied to cotton.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document