State of Weathering: The Search for a Rational Approach

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
W. R. Dearman
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Rock Mass ◽  
Rock Material ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Drill Core ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Weathering Grades ◽  
Simple Definition

AbstractIn BS 5930:1981 both the state of weathering of rock material and a scale of weathering grades for the rock mass are included in a Code for the first time. The schemes proposed are largely derivative from those proposed by Working Parties of the Engineering Group, which in turn benefited from earlier studies in Hong Kong and Australia.The descriptive terms used for rock material: fresh, discoloured, decomposed, disintegrated, are defined, and the stages of weathering subdivided using qualifying terms, for example 'partially discoloured'. These descriptive qualifying terms may be quantified if necessary, but no indication is given as to how this should be done.Following recent Australian practice, the scale of weathering grades of the rock mass is described in the terms applied to the rock material. Except in the case of Grade 1, Fresh, discontinuities and other defects of the rock mass are not mentioned. This implies, and it needs emphasizing, that the descriptive terms for the degree of weathering should provide a reliable indication of the effects of weathering on the engineering properties or engineering behaviour of the rock mass. The material and the defects, such as discontinuities in the rock mass, therefore need to be described separately.A descriptive scheme is proposed for the simple definition of weathering classes of rock material, and application of these classes to the description of the rock mass is also considered.The effect of scale, particularly the spacing of discontinuities and thickness of highly weathered zones, is important in assessing the engineering properties of the rock mass. This can be dealt with effectively in the descriptive logging of drill core and rock exposures.

scholarly journals Blame and coercion: Together again for the first time

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEREMY G. SIEK ◽  
PETER THIEMANN ◽  
PHILIP WADLER
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Equational Theory ◽  
Is Implementation ◽  
Full Abstraction ◽  
Correctness Criterion ◽  
Gradual Typing ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Simple Definition

Abstract C#, Dart, Pyret, Racket, TypeScript, VB: many recent languages integrate dynamic and static types via gradual typing. We systematically develop four calculi for gradual typing and the relations between them, building on and strengthening previous work. The calculi are as follows: $\lambda{B}$ , based on the blame calculus of Wadler and Findler (2009); $\lambda{C}$ , inspired by the coercion calculus of Henglein (1994); $\lambda{S}$ inspired by the space-efficient calculus of Herman, Tomb, and Flanagan (2006); and $\lambda{T}$ based on the threesome calculus of Siek and Wadler (2010). While $\lambda{B}$ and $\lambda{T}$ are little changed from previous work, $\lambda{C}$ and $\lambda{S}$ are new. Together, $\lambda{B}$ , $\lambda{C}$ , $\lambda{S}$ , and $\lambda{T}$ provide a coherent foundation for design, implementation, and optimization of gradual types. We define translations from $\lambda{B}$ to $\lambda{C}$ , from $\lambda{C}$ to $\lambda{S}$ , and from $\lambda{S}$ to $\lambda{T}$ . Much previous work lacked proofs of correctness or had weak correctness criteria; here we demonstrate the strongest correctness criterion one could hope for, that each of the translations is fully abstract. Each of the calculi reinforces the design of the others: $\lambda{C}$ has a particularly simple definition, and the subtle definition of blame safety for $\lambda{B}$ is justified by the simple definition of blame safety for $\lambda{C}$ . Our calculus $\lambda{S}$ is implementation-ready: the first space-efficient calculus that is both straightforward to implement and easy to understand. We give two applications: first, using full abstraction from $\lambda{C}$ to $\lambda{S}$ to establish an equational theory of coercions; and second, using full abstraction from $\lambda{B}$ to $\lambda{S}$ to easily establish the Fundamental Property of Casts, which required a custom bisimulation and six lemmas in earlier work.

Natrophosphate from the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland

2001 ◽  
pp. 139-141
Author(s):  
Ole V. Petersen ◽  
Alexander P. Khomyakov ◽  
Henning Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Kola Peninsula ◽  
Unit Cell Parameter ◽  
Cell Parameter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Drill Core ◽  
Alkaline Complex ◽  
First Time ◽  
Alkaline Complexes

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Petersen, O. V., Khomyakov, A. P., & Henning. (2001). Natrophosphate from the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 190, 139-141. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v190.5184 _______________ The rare mineral natrophosphate has been identified for the first time in the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex in a drill core from the Kvanefjeld area. It occurs sparsely in zoned veinlets with cores of natrophosphate and borders of fibrous trona. The natrophosphate is more or less smoky, transparent and unaltered. The refractive index n = 1.448 ± 0.005 is low compared to that given for the material from the type locality, Khibina alkaline complex, Kola Peninsula; the unit cell parameter a = 27.76 ± 0.05 Å is in excellent agreement with that given for the material from the type locality. The veins occur in hyper-agpaitic naujakasite lujavrite; villiaumite is an associated mineral. Only a few water-soluble minerals have so far been found in the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex compared to the wealth of such minerals in the Khibina and Lovozero alkaline complexes. This is possibly at least partly due to lack of necessary precautions during sampling.

A simple definition of ‘intentionally’

Cognition ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 104806
Author(s):  
Tadeg Quillien ◽  
Tamsin C. German
Keyword(s):  
Definition Of ◽  
Simple Definition

scholarly journals New Challenges for Biobanks: Accreditation to the New ISO 20387:2018 Standard Specific for Biobanks

BioTech ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Pasquale De Blasio ◽  
Ida Biunno
Keyword(s):  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Quality Management System ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Accreditation Body ◽  
Accreditation Process ◽  
Testing Facility ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Operational Aspects

Background: The emergence of “multi-omics” and “multi-parametric” types of analysis based on a high number of biospecimens enforces the use of a great number of high-quality “Biological Materials and Associated Data” (BMaD). To meet the demands of biomedical research, several Biological Resource Centers (BRCs) or Biobanks world-wide have implemented a specific Quality Management System (QMS) certified ISO 9001:2015 or accredited by CAP9 ISO 20387:2018. For the first time, ISO, with the support of several Biobanking experts, issued the ISO 20387:2018 which is the first ISO norm specific for Biobanks. The fundamental difference with present certification/accreditation standards is that the ISO 20387:2018 focuses not only on the operational aspects of the Biobank, but also on the “competence of the Biobank to carry our specific Biobanking tasks”. Methods: The accreditation process for ISO 20387:2018 required the definition of: (1) objectives, goals and organizational structure of the Biobank, including procedures for governance, confidentiality and impartiality policies; (2) standard operating procedures (SOPs) of all activities performed, including acquisition, analysis, collection, data management, distribution, preparation, preservation, testing facility and equipment maintenance, calibration, and monitoring; (3) procedures for control of documents and records, the identification of risks and opportunities, improvements, corrective actions, nonconforming records and evaluation of external providers (4) an internal audit and management reviews, verification of QMS performance, monitoring of quality objectives and personnel qualification and competency in carrying out specific Biobanking tasks. Results: The accreditation process is performed by an independent authorized organization which certifies that all processes are performed according to the QMS, and that the infrastructure is engineered and managed according to the GDP and/or GMP guidelines. Conclusion: Accreditation is given by an accreditation body, which recognizes formally that the Biobank is “competent to carry out specific Biobanking tasks”.

scholarly journals Determination of Mechanical Properties of Altered Dacite by Laboratory Methods

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 813
Author(s):  
Veljko Rupar ◽  
Vladimir Čebašek ◽  
Vladimir Milisavljević ◽  
Dejan Stevanović ◽  
Nikola Živanović
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Rock Mass ◽  
Uniaxial Compressive Strength ◽  
Rock Material ◽  
Strength Parameter ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Strength Parameters ◽  
Triaxial Compressive Strength ◽  
Heterogeneous Rock

This paper presents a methodology for determining the uniaxial and triaxial compressive strength of heterogeneous material composed of dacite (D) and altered dacite (AD). A zone of gradual transition from altered dacite to dacite was observed in the rock mass. The mechanical properties of the rock material in that zone were determined by laboratory tests of composite samples that consisted of rock material discs. However, the functional dependence on the strength parameter alteration of the rock material (UCS, intact UCS of the rock material, and mi) with an increase in the participation of “weaker” rock material was determined based on the test results of uniaxial and triaxial compressive strength. The participation of altered dacite directly affects the mode and mechanism of failure during testing. Uniaxial compressive strength (σciUCS) and intact uniaxial compressive strength (σciTX) decrease exponentially with increased AD volumetric participation. The critical ratio at which the uniaxial compressive strength of the composite sample equals the strength of the uniform AD sample was at a percentage of 30% AD. Comparison of the obtained exponential equation with practical suggestions shows a good correspondence. The suggested methodology for determining heterogeneous rock mass strength parameters allows us to determine the influence of rock material heterogeneity on the values σciUCS, σciTX, and constant mi. Obtained σciTX and constant mi dependences define more reliable rock material strength parameter values, which can be used, along with rock mass classification systems, as a basis for assessing rock mass parameters. Therefore, it is possible to predict the strength parameters of the heterogeneous rock mass at the transition of hard (D) and weak rock (AD) based on all calculated strength parameters for different participation of AD.

scholarly journals Illustrated checklist of Nolinae (Lepidoptera, Nolidae) of Hong Kong, China, with description of two new species

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 35-58
Author(s):  
Gyula M. László ◽  
Mark Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
New Species ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Natural History Museum ◽  
Check List ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
First Time

This paper provides a comprehensive check list of Nolinae species recorded in Hong Kong, China based on the collections of the second author, Dr. Roger Kendrick and the Natural History Museum, London. The checklist comprises 30 species.  Two of them are new to science and described here as new species (Spininola kendricki sp. n., and Hampsonola ceciliae sp. n.). Misidentification of the female paratype of Spininola nepali László, Ronkay & Ronkay, 2014 is revealed and the true female of S. nepali is illustrated with its genitalia described here for the first time. The hitherto unknown female of S. armata László, Ronkay & Witt, 2010 is also illustrated here for the first time. All species recorded from Hong Kong are illustrated together with their genitalia on 54 colour and 46 black and white diagnostic figures.

scholarly journals The Rise of “Localism” and Civic Identity in Post-handover Hong Kong: Questioning the Chinese Nation-state

2017 ◽  
Vol 230 ◽  
pp. 323-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Veg
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Civic Identity ◽  
Cultural Identification ◽  
Local Identity ◽  
National Education ◽  
Democratic Community ◽  
Chinese Nation ◽  
Identity Discourses ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractWhile it was traditionally accepted that Hongkongers shared a form of pan-Chinese cultural identification that did not contradict their local distinctiveness, over the last decade Hong Kong has seen the rise of new types of local identity discourses. Most recently, “localists” have been a vocal presence. Hong Kong has – quite unexpectedly – developed a strong claim for self-determination. But how new is “localism” with respect to the more traditional “Hong Kong identity” that appeared in the 1970s? The present study takes a two-dimensional approach to study these discourses, examining not only their framework of identification (local versus pan-Chinese) but also their mode of identification (ethno-cultural versus civic). Using three case studies, the June Fourth vigil, the 2012 anti-National Education protest and the 2014 Umbrella movement, it distinguishes between groups advocating civic identification with the local community (Scholarism, HKFS) and others highlighting ethnic identification (Chin Wan). It argues that while local and national identification were traditionally not incompatible, the civic-based identification with a local democratic community, as advocated by most participants in recent movements, is becoming increasingly incompatible with the ethnic and cultural definition of the Chinese nation that is now being promoted by the Beijing government.

Improving the Volumetric Efficiency of the Axial Piston Pump

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Volumetric Efficiency ◽  
Valve Plate ◽  
Piston Pump ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Axial Piston Pumps ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Engineering Practices ◽  
First Time ◽  
Axial Piston

The volumetric efficiency is one of the most important aspects of system performance in the design of axial piston pumps. From the standpoint of engineering practices, the geometric complexities of the valve plate (VP) and its multiple interactions with pump dynamics pose difficult obstacles for optimization of the design. This research uses the significant concept of pressure carryover to develop the mathematical relationship between the geometry of the valve plate and the volumetric efficiency of the piston pump. For the first time, the resulting expression presents the theoretical considerations of the fluid operating conditions, the efficiency of axial piston pumps, and the valve plate designs. New terminology, such as discrepancy of pressure carryover (DPC) and carryover cross-porting (CoCp), is introduced to explain the fundamental principles. The important results derived from this study can provide clear recommendations for the definition of the geometries required to achieve an efficient design, especially for the valve plate timings. The theoretical results are validated by simulations and experiments conducted by testing multiple valve plates under various operating conditions.

Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4959 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-178
Author(s):  
RODRIGO M. BARAHONA-SEGOVIA ◽  
PAMELA RIERA ◽  
LAURA PAÑINAO-MONSÁLVEZ ◽  
VICENTE VALDÉS GUZMÁN ◽  
PATRICIA HENRÍQUEZ-PISKULICH
Keyword(s):  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Flower Flies ◽  
Iucn Red List Criteria ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time

Syrphidae, more commonly known as flower flies, are considered one of the most important Diptera families worldwide because of their critical role in pollination, biological control and decomposition of organic matter. The study of these flies in Chile has stagnated due to a lack of local experts as well as the absence of an updated catalog of species. This study is an attempt to remedy the latter of these issues by providing an illustrated and updated catalog to the Syrphidae of Chile. Species are presented under currently accepted names, with synonyms and previous combinations listed and original references. Type localities, world and Chilean distribution by geopolitical Chilean regions, taxonomic and biological notes, a complete record of bibliographic references and extinction risk under IUCN Red List criteria are provided. This catalog recognizes 132 species of Syrphidae, belonging to four subfamilies (Eristalinae, Microdontinae, Pipizinae and Syrphinae), 13 tribes and 47 genera. A total of 46 species (34.84 %) is restricted to the geopolitical territory of Chile. Eight species are considered exotic, one is considered incertae sedis and three are based on doubtful records. Seventeen species of 10 different genera (Copestylum Macquart, 1846; Dolichogyna Macquart, 1842; Eosalpingogaster Hull, 1949b; Eupeodes Osten Sacken, 1877; Meromacrus Rondani, 1848; Palpada Macquart, 1834; Paragus Latreille, 1804; Sphiximorpha Rondani, 1850; Sterphus Philippi, 1865 and Toxomerus Macquart, 1855) are reported from Chile for the first time. A total of 44 species (33.33 %) reported from Chile are directly threatened by human activities such as agriculture, forestry, mining and/or urbanization and indirectly by climate change. The gaps found in the geographic distribution of Chilean flower fly species and what it means for its use by disciplines such as ecology, floral biology and agronomy, are discussed. In addition, the use of this illustrated catalog for biological conservation, the potential definition of priority areas and ecosystem management plans based on this group of Diptera are also discussed. 

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