A case for custom silicon in enabling low-cost information technology for developing regions

The malware spreads massively in Indonesia. The security in Information Technology doesn’t seem to become a top priority for Indonesian. The use of pirated software is still high, although it is the biggest threat and entrance for the malwares to attacks. This paper shows how to collect a spreading malware in a system to know the malware trends that exist. So, the owner may know the malware trends inside his system and he can countermeasure the attacks. To collect the malwares, I use the Dionaea, the honeypot to collect malware and implement it to Raspberry Pi. Raspberry Pi is a small, low cost and low energy consumption computer. By using Raspberry Pi to collect malware, we can minimize budget, save the energy and space.

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Power to Choose? An Analysis of Consumer Inertia in the Residential Electricity Market

American Economic Journal Economic Policy ◽

10.1257/pol.20150235 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 192-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Ali Hortaçsu ◽

Seyed Ali Madanizadeh ◽

Steven L. Puller

Keyword(s):

Electricity Market ◽

Low Cost ◽

Consumer Surplus ◽

Retail Competition ◽

Search Frictions ◽

Cost Information ◽

Household Level ◽

Consumer Benefits ◽

Level Data ◽

Residential Electricity

Many jurisdictions around the world have deregulated utilities and opened retail markets to competition. However, inertial decision making can diminish consumer benefits of retail competition. Using household-level data from the Texas residential electricity market, we document evidence of consumer inertia. We estimate an econometric model of retail choice to measure two sources of inertia: search frictions/inattention and a brand advantage that consumers afford the incumbent. We find that households rarely search for alternative retailers, and when they do search, households attach a brand advantage to the incumbent. Counterfactual experiments show that low-cost information interventions can notably increase consumer surplus. (JEL D12, D83, L81, L94, L98, M31)

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Technology Issues and the New ICTs

Leonardo ◽

10.1162/leon.2006.39.4.311 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 311-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Roberto Verzola

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Universal Access ◽

Low Cost ◽

Appropriate Technology ◽

Public Ownership ◽

Information And Communications Technologies ◽

Cost Information ◽

Compulsory Licensing ◽

Communications Technologies ◽

Ict Infrastructure

The author provides examples of low-cost information and communications technologies (ICTs) and suggests five major strategies for their low-cost deployment in developing countries: (1) appropriate technology, (2) free/open software, (3) compulsory licensing, (4) pay-per-use public stations and (5) community/public ownership of ICT infrastructure. Aside from the problems of affordability and universal access, the author identifies the Internet's built-in biases for (1) English, (2) subsidizing globalization, (3) automation and (4) the technofix, and explores the implications of these biases. The challenge is not only to design affordable and accessible technologies or to redesign technologies to be consistent with our deeply held values, but also to make ourselves less technology dependent.

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Supply Contract Design with Asymmetric Corporate Social Responsibility Cost Information in Service Supply Chain

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11051408 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 1408

Author(s):

Weihua Liu ◽

Wanying Wei ◽

Xiaoyu Yan ◽

Di Wang

Keyword(s):

Corporate Social Responsibility ◽

Supply Chain ◽

Social Responsibility ◽

Service Providers ◽

Low Cost ◽

Service Cost ◽

Strategic Choices ◽

Cost Information ◽

Service Supply Chain ◽

Corporate Social

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become the focus of the company’s daily operations and strategic choices. At present, the supply risk events caused by the CSR violations of service providers in the service supply chain are frequent, which highlight the importance of formulating appropriate contracts to constrain the CSR level of providers. In the context of asymmetric CSR cost information, this paper analyzes the optimal contract parameters of integrators when providing screening contracts or pooling contracts and compares their impact on profits and the CSR level. The information asymmetry belongs to classic principal-agent problem, and we will use the revelation principle to design the contracts and solve this problem. The results that different contracts have different effects on the CSR level of different types of providers. A low-cost provider’s CSR level is the highest when a screening contract is provided, while a high-cost provider’s CSR level reaches the peak under a pooling contract. If pursuing profit maximization, the integrator should choose to provide a screening contract. When the integrator needs to ensure a higher average level of social responsibility, a pooling contract should be chosen. The findings also show that service cost is an important factor affecting the CSR level of the provider, and only when the providers’ service cost is low, will providers actively fulfill their social responsibility.

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Information Technology Offshoring Outsourcing

Outsourcing and Offshoring in the 21st Century ◽

10.4018/978-1-59140-875-8.ch006 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 122-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Smita Gupta ◽

Narendra S. Chaudhari

Keyword(s):

Information Technology ◽

Social Issues ◽

Low Cost ◽

Cost Savings ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Offshore Outsourcing ◽

Business Services ◽

Job Growth ◽

Software Development Methodologies ◽

The U.S

Offshore outsourcing is a term covering a range of information technology (IT) and business services delivered to companies in developed countries by IT personnel based in developing countries. The significant cost savings achieved by the offshore model is the prime factor in its growing acceptance and use. IT software and service outsourcing is becoming a new reality for employers, employees, government and academicians. The widespread use of Internet, standardization of software development methodologies, efficient IT project management techniques, low cost of telecommunications, have provided the necessary thrust for global production of software and services. In this chapter, we analyze the impact of today’s offshore outsourcing movement to the United States economy, education, jobs, wages, and social issues. We suggest that offshoring is a viable economic model. It leads to improved productivity, lower inflation and eventually growth in jobs and wages. The U.S. will also see significant numbers of “in-sourced” jobs because of subsidiaries of foreign based companies. Future job growth in different areas of business and skills, require young students and present IT workforce to acquire them with education and training. Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan has also expressed the need to produce highly skilled workers. The loss of jobs of IT workers is the difficult aspect of offshoring. Laid-off workers should be provided assistance to find a new comparable job, both by the U.S. government and companies. In this chapter, we make some recommendations to reduce, minimize and overcome the hardships caused by the IT outsourcing.

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ISO/IEC 14575:2000 (IEEE Std 1355-1995) Information Technology -- Microprocessor systems -- Heterogeneous InterConnect (HIC) (Low-Cost, Low-Latency Scalable Serial Interconnect for Parallel System Construction)

10.1109/ieeestd.2001.6887400 ◽

2014 ◽

Keyword(s):

Information Technology ◽

Low Cost ◽

Parallel System ◽

Low Latency ◽

System Construction

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Shifting social norms to reduce open defecation in rural India

Behavioural Public Policy ◽

10.1017/bpp.2020.46 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-25

Author(s):

VARUN GAURI ◽

TASMIA RAHMAN ◽

IMAN K. SEN

Keyword(s):

Social Norms ◽

Large Scale ◽

Low Cost ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Rural India ◽

Cost Information ◽

Open Defecation ◽

Information Campaigns ◽

Development Interventions ◽

Latrine Use

Abstract Toilet ownership in India has grown in recent years, but open defecation can persist even when rural households own latrines. There are at least two pathways through which social norms inhibit the use of toilets in rural India: (1) beliefs/expectations that others do not use toilets or latrines or find open defecation unacceptable; and (2) beliefs about ritual notions of purity that dissociate latrines from cleanliness. A survey in Uttar Pradesh, India, finds a positive correlation between latrine use and social norms at baseline. To confront these, an information campaign was piloted to test the effectiveness of rebranding latrine use and promoting positive social norms. The intervention targeted mental models by rebranding latrine use and associating it with cleanliness, and it made information about growing latrine use among latrine owners more salient. Following the intervention, open defecation practices went down across all treatment households, with the average latrine use score in treatment villages increasing by up to 11% relative to baseline. Large improvements were also observed in pro-latrine beliefs. This suggests that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve pro-latrine beliefs and practices, as well as shift perceptions of why many people still find open defecation acceptable. Measuring social norms as described can help diagnose barriers to reducing open defecation, contribute to the quality of large-scale surveys and make development interventions more sustainable.

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