Survey on Blockchain Networking

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Maya Dotan ◽  
Yvonne-Anne Pignolet ◽  
Stefan Schmid ◽  
Saar Tochner ◽  
Aviv Zohar
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Systems ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Neighbor Discovery ◽  
Protocol Stack ◽  
Application Domain ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Research Challenges ◽  
Open Research

Blockchains, in general, and cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, in particular, are realized using distributed systems and hence critically rely on the performance and security of the interconnecting network. The requirements on these networks and their usage, however, can differ significantly from traditional communication networks, with implications on all layers of the protocol stack. This article is motivated by these differences and, in particular, by the observation that many fundamental design aspects of these networks are not well-understood today. To support the networking community to contribute to this emerging application domain, we present a structured overview of the field, from topology and neighbor discovery, over block and transaction propagation, to sharding and off-chain networks, also reviewing existing empirical results from different measurement studies. In particular, for each of these domains, we provide the context, highlighting differences and commonalities with traditional networks, review the state-of-the-art, and identify open research challenges. Our article can hence also be seen as a call-to-arms to improve the foundation on top of which blockchains are built.

Ontologies for information entities: State of the art and open challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-135
Author(s):  
Emilio M. Sanfilippo
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Health Records ◽  
Research Challenges ◽  
Open Research ◽  
Applied Ontology ◽  
Nature Of Information ◽  
Technical Specifications

Information entities are used in ontologies to represent engineering technical specifications, health records, pictures or librarian data about, e.g., narrative fictions, among others. The literature in applied ontology lacks a comparison of the state of the art, and foundational questions on the nature of information entities remain open for research. The purpose of the paper is twofold. First, to compare existing ontologies with both each other and theories proposed in philosophy, semiotics, librarianship, and literary studies in order to understand how the ontologies conceive and model information entities. Second, to discuss some open research challenges that can lead to principled approaches for the treatment of information entities, possibly by getting into account the variety of information entity types found in the literature.

The Big Data Era

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-103
Author(s):  
Maria K. Krommyda ◽  
Verena Kantere
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Large Datasets ◽  
The State ◽  
Data Exploration ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Research Challenges ◽  
Open Research ◽  
Big Data Applications ◽  
Scientific Fields

Large datasets pertaining to many scientific fields and everyday activities are becoming available at an increasing rate. Processing, analyzing, and understanding the information that they offer poses significant technical challenges. There are many efforts dedicated to the development of big data exploration, analysis, and visualization applications that will improve the value of the information extracted from these datasets. An analysis of the state-of-the-art in these applications is presented here along with open research challenges that have not yet been tackled sufficiently. Also, specific domains where big data applications are needed are presented, and unique challenges are identified.

scholarly journals Users roles identification on online crowdsourced Q&A platforms and encyclopedias: a survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akrati Saxena ◽  
Harita Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Informal Learning ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Online Discussion ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Open Research ◽  
Research Questions

AbstractOnline informal learning and knowledge-sharing platforms, such as Stack Exchange, Reddit, and Wikipedia have been a great source of learning. Millions of people access these websites to ask questions, answer the questions, view answers, or check facts. However, one interesting question that has always attracted the researchers is if all the users share equally on these portals, and if not then how the contribution varies across users, and how it is distributed? Do different users focus on different kinds of activities and play specific roles? In this work, we present a survey of users’ social roles that have been identified on online discussion and Q&A platforms including Usenet newsgroups, Reddit, Stack Exchange, and MOOC forums, as well as on crowdsourced encyclopedias, such as Wikipedia, and Baidu Baike, where users interact with each other through talk pages. We discuss the state of the art on capturing the variety of users roles through different methods including the construction of user network, analysis of content posted by users, temporal analysis of user activity, posting frequency, and so on. We also discuss the available datasets and APIs to collect the data from these platforms for further research. The survey is concluded with open research questions.

scholarly journals Autonomous Guided Vehicles for Smart Industries – The State-of-the-Art and Research Challenges

2020 ◽  
pp. 330-343
Author(s):  
Rafal Cupek ◽  
Marek Drewniak ◽  
Marcin Fojcik ◽  
Erik Kyrkjebø ◽  
Jerry Chun-Wei Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Research Challenges

scholarly journals What Can Be Accomplished with the State of the Art in Information Extraction? A Personal View

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-658
Author(s):  
Ralph Weischedel ◽  
Elizabeth Boschee
Keyword(s):  
Information Extraction ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Personal View ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Research Challenges ◽  
The Common

Though information extraction (IE) research has more than a 25-year history, F1 scores remain low. Thus, one could question continued investment in IE research. In this article, we present three applications where information extraction of entities, relations, and/or events has been used, and note the common features that seem to have led to success. We also identify key research challenges whose solution seems essential for broader successes. Because a few practical deployments already exist and because breakthroughs on particular challenges would greatly broaden the technology’s deployment, further R&D investments are justified.

scholarly journals [email protected]: a guided tour of the state of the art and research challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 3049-3082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelly Bencomo ◽  
Sebastian Götz ◽  
Hui Song
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Research Challenges ◽  
Guided Tour

Internet-of-things-based smart environments: state of the art, taxonomy, and open research challenges

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ejaz Ahmed ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Abdullah Gani ◽  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
Mohsen Guizani
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Smart Environments ◽  
Research Challenges ◽  
Open Research

scholarly journals Fast Recovery Mechanisms in the Data Plane

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Chiesa ◽  
Andrzej Kamisiński ◽  
Jacek Rak ◽  
Gábor Rétvári ◽  
Stefan Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Software Defined Networks ◽  
Fast Recovery ◽  
Link Layer ◽  
Open Research ◽  
Data Plane ◽  
Recovery Mechanisms ◽  
Networking Technologies ◽  
Over Time

<div>In order to meet their stringent dependability requirements, most modern communication networks support fast-recovery mechanisms in the data plane. While reactions to failures in the data plane can be significantly faster compared to control plane mechanisms, implementing fast recovery in the data plane is challenging, and has recently received much attention in the literature. This tutorial presents a systematic overview of packet-based fast-recovery mechanisms in the data plane, focusing on concepts but structured around different networking technologies, from traditional link-layer and IP-based mechanisms, over BGP and MPLS to emerging software-defined networks and programmable dataplanes. We examine the evolution of fast-recovery standards and mechanisms over time, and identify and discuss the fundamental principles and algorithms underlying different mechanisms. We then present a taxonomy of the state-of-the-art and compile open research</div><div>questions.</div>

scholarly journals Generating Multiple Diverse Responses with Multi-Mapping and Posterior Mapping Selection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaotao Chen ◽  
Jinhua Peng ◽  
Fan Wang ◽  
Jun Xu ◽  
Hua Wu
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Target Response ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Art Methods ◽  
Mapping Mechanism ◽  
The One ◽  
Selection Of

In human conversation an input post is open to multiple potential responses, which is typically regarded as a one-to-many problem. Promising approaches mainly incorporate multiple latent mechanisms to build the one-to-many relationship. However, without accurate selection of the latent mechanism corresponding to the target response during training, these methods suffer from a rough optimization of latent mechanisms. In this paper, we propose a multi-mapping mechanism to better capture the one-to-many relationship, where multiple mapping modules are employed as latent mechanisms to model the semantic mappings from an input post to its diverse responses. For accurate optimization of latent mechanisms, a posterior mapping selection module is designed to select the corresponding mapping module according to the target response for further optimization. We also introduce an auxiliary matching loss to facilitate the optimization of posterior mapping selection. Empirical results demonstrate the superiority of our model in generating multiple diverse and informative responses over the state-of-the-art methods.

E-Government Business Models

2009 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijn Janssen ◽  
George Kuk
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Service Provisioning ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Research Challenges ◽  
Client Involvement ◽  
Service Offering ◽  
The Individual

Stimulated by the need to reduce cost and improve service provisioning and client involvement at the same time, the concept of business models has gained attention in the e-government domain over the last few years. Business models can appear at the individual organization and network level and describes how an entity plans to provide services. The basic premise of business models is that it helps to understand the relation between service offering and other elements and can be used as an instrument to improve service provisioning and lowering cost at the same time. In this chapter an overview of the state-of-the-art of e-government business models, a theory integrating the various elements and research challenges and issues are presented. There is ample need for research and overcoming these challenges result in better leveraging the advantages of business models.

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