Progress in Biological Control of Weeds with Plant Pathogens

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-223
Author(s):  
Louise Morin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Weed Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Of Weeds

Plant pathogens have played an important role in weed biological control since the 1970s. So far, 36 fungal pathogens have been authorized for introduction across 18 countries for the classical biological control of weeds. Their safety record has been excellent, but questions continue to be asked about the risk that they could transfer to other plants. Quantitative data documenting their impact on the weed populations are still limited. Of the 15 bioherbicides based on living microorganisms that have ever been registered, only two were commercially available at the time of this review. The development and commercialization of bioherbicides in affluent countries are still plagued by technological hurdles and limited market potential. Not-for-profit small-scale production and distribution systems for bioherbicides in low-income countries may have potential as an inexpensive approach to controlling pervasive weeds. The types of research underpinning biological control approaches and challenges encountered are highlighted using specific examples.

scholarly journals Poultry farmer response to disease outbreaks in smallholder farming systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Delabouglise ◽  
Nguyen Thi Le Thanh ◽  
Huynh Thi Ai Xuyen ◽  
Benjamin Nguyen-Van-Yen ◽  
Phung Ngoc Tuyet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Southern Vietnam ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAvian influenza outbreaks have been occurring on smallholder poultry farms in Asia for two decades. Farmer responses to these outbreaks can slow down or accelerate virus transmission. We used a longitudinal survey of 53 small-scale chicken farms in southern Vietnam to investigate the impact of outbreaks with disease-induced mortality on harvest rate, vaccination, and disinfection behaviors. We found that in small broiler flocks (≤16 birds/flock) the estimated probability of harvest was 56% higher when an outbreak occurred, and 214% higher if an outbreak with sudden deaths occurred in the same month. Vaccination and disinfection were strongly positively correlated with flock size and farm size, respectively. Small-scale farmers – the overwhelming majority of poultry producers in low-income countries – tend to rely on rapid sale of birds to mitigate losses from diseases. As depopulated birds are sent to markets or trading networks, this reactive behavior has the potential to enhance onward transmission.One sentence summaryA cohort study of fifty three small-scale poultry farms in southern Vietnam reveals that when outbreaks occur with symptoms similar to highly pathogenic avian influenza, farmers respond by sending their chickens to market early, potentially exacerbating the effects of the outbreak.

scholarly journals Emerging COVID-19 impacts, responses, and lessons for building resilience in the seafood system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Love ◽  
Edward H. Allison ◽  
Frank Asche ◽  
Ben Belton ◽  
Richard S. Cottrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Building Resilience ◽  
System P ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Alternative Markets

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns are creating health and economic crises that threaten food and nutrition security. The seafood sector provides important sources of employment and nutrition, especially in low-income countries, and is highly globalized, allowing shocks to propagate internationally. We use a resilience ‘action cycle’ framework to study the first five months of COVID-19-related disruptions, impacts, and responses to the seafood sector. Looking across high- and low-income countries, we find that some supply chains, market segments, companies, small-scale actors and civil society have shown initial signs of greater resilience than others. For example, frozen Ecuadorian shrimp and Chinese tilapia exports were diverted to alternative markets, while live-fresh supply chains were more impacted. COVID-19 has also highlighted the vulnerability of certain groups working in- or dependent on the seafood sector. We discuss early coping and adaptive responses, combined with lessons from past shocks, that could be considered when building resilience in the sector.

Biological control of weeds and plant pathogens in paddy rice by exploiting plant allelopathy: an overview

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tran Dang Xuan ◽  
Tawata Shinkichi ◽  
Tran Dang Khanh ◽  
Ill Min Chung
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Paddy Rice ◽  
Biological Control Of Weeds

scholarly journals Impact of improved small-scale livestock farming on human nutrition

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Emran Hossain ◽  
Md. Ahasanul Hoque ◽  
Emanuele Giorgi ◽  
Guillaume Fournié ◽  
Goutam Buddha Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMicronutrient deficiencies and stunting rates are high in many low-income countries. Increasing and diversifying food intake are often challenging for small-scale farmers in lowland areas as flooding often results in crop losses and drowning of livestock. A cluster-randomised controlled trial was conducted over 12-months in Bangladesh, involving 150 small-scale duck rearing households, including 50 control, and 50 households each in two intervention arms. Interventions focussing on improving duck health and duck nutrition were applied on a village level. Data analysis focussed on assessing the impact of interventions on duck mortality, sales and consumption, and on dietary diversity of household members. Improved duck rearing increased the consumption and the sales of ducks. Household selling more ducks were more likely to purchase and consume milk products, contributing to an improved households’ dietary diversity. Our results suggest that improving duck rearing can provide a suitable and sustainable alternative to maintain and improve dietary diversity of households in flood-prone areas.

scholarly journals An Overview of Traditional Small-Scale Poultry Production in Low-Income, Food-Deficit Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson RT ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Product Sales

Poultry production is an activity that is engaged in by a majority of traditional small-scale farmers around the world. The percentage of participants engaged in this enterprise exceeds all those participating in other forms of domestic livestock production. Domestic fowl (“chickens”) are overwhelmingly the main species around the globe world but at least eight other species of bird are reared with regional preferences for one or the other type. A multitude of breeds or varieties are present within species which provide a genetic resource of truly inestimable value and whose genes need to be conserved for posterity. Output of live birds, meat and eggs is low in the mainly extensive or semi-intensive production systems but input costs (labour, feed and medicines) are also low. Poultry contribute to poverty alleviation, household food security, create opportunities for employment and are an asset that can be rapidly converted to income. Women and children are often the principal beneficiaries of small-scale production both as managers and owners. Housing is often rudimentary, the mainly scavenged feed is of inadequate quantity and quality and health interventions are minimal except for vaccination against the plagues of Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza. Marketing of surplus birds or product sales is largely informal but the system is quite appropriate for the sector. Official policies relating to traditional production are often minimal. There are opportunities for improved production and thus for contributing to human welfare in training of owners in management and in improving nutrition and health of the birds.

scholarly journals A process for developing a sustainable and scalable approach to community engagement: Community Dialogue Approach for addressing the drivers of antibiotic resistance in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca King ◽  
Joseph Hicks ◽  
Christian Rassi ◽  
Muhammad Shafique ◽  
Deepa Barua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Health System ◽  
Community Engagement ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Engagement Interventions

Abstract Background Community engagement approaches that have impacted on health outcomes are often time intensive, small-scale and require high levels of financial and human resources. They can be difficult to sustain and scale-up in low resource settings. Given the reach of health services into communities in low income countries, the health system provides a valuable and potentially sustainable entry point that would allow for scale-up of community engagement interventions. This study explores the process of developing an embedded approach to community engagement taking the global challenge of antibiotic resistance as an example.Methods The intervention was developed using a sequential mixed methods study design. This consisted of: exploring the evidence base through an umbrella review, and identifying key international standards on the appropriate use of antibiotics; undertaking detailed formative research through a) a qualitative study to explore the most appropriate mechanisms through which to embed the intervention within the existing health system and community infrastructure, and to understand patterns of knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance; and b) a household survey – which drew on the qualitative findings - to quantify knowledge, and reported attitudes and practice regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance within the target population; and c) drawing on appropriate theories regarding change mechanisms and experience of implementing community engagement interventions to co-produce the intervention processes and materials with key stakeholders at policy, health system and community level.Results A community engagement intervention was co-produced and was explicitly designed to link into existing health system and community structures and be appropriate for the cultural context, and therefore have the potential to be implemented at scale. We anticipate that taking this approach increases local ownership, as well as the likelihood that the intervention will be sustainable and scalable.Conclusions This study demonstrates the value of ensuring that a range of stakeholders co-produce the intervention, and ensuring that the intervention is designed to be appropriate for the health system, community and cultural context.

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