scholarly journals The Composition Of Public Expenditure And Growth : A Small-Scale Intertemporal Model For Low-Income Countries

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nihal Bayraktar ◽  
Emmanuel Pinto Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Intertemporal Model

scholarly journals Poultry farmer response to disease outbreaks in smallholder farming systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Delabouglise ◽  
Nguyen Thi Le Thanh ◽  
Huynh Thi Ai Xuyen ◽  
Benjamin Nguyen-Van-Yen ◽  
Phung Ngoc Tuyet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Southern Vietnam ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAvian influenza outbreaks have been occurring on smallholder poultry farms in Asia for two decades. Farmer responses to these outbreaks can slow down or accelerate virus transmission. We used a longitudinal survey of 53 small-scale chicken farms in southern Vietnam to investigate the impact of outbreaks with disease-induced mortality on harvest rate, vaccination, and disinfection behaviors. We found that in small broiler flocks (≤16 birds/flock) the estimated probability of harvest was 56% higher when an outbreak occurred, and 214% higher if an outbreak with sudden deaths occurred in the same month. Vaccination and disinfection were strongly positively correlated with flock size and farm size, respectively. Small-scale farmers – the overwhelming majority of poultry producers in low-income countries – tend to rely on rapid sale of birds to mitigate losses from diseases. As depopulated birds are sent to markets or trading networks, this reactive behavior has the potential to enhance onward transmission.One sentence summaryA cohort study of fifty three small-scale poultry farms in southern Vietnam reveals that when outbreaks occur with symptoms similar to highly pathogenic avian influenza, farmers respond by sending their chickens to market early, potentially exacerbating the effects of the outbreak.

scholarly journals The Effect of Globalization on Economic Development Indicators: An Inter-Regional Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Antonio Martín Cervantes ◽  
Nuria Rueda López ◽  
Salvador Cruz Rambaud
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Institute ◽  
Double Character

Background: The analysis of the problems derived from globalization has become one of the most densely studied topics at the beginning of this millennium, as they can have a crucial impact on present and future sustainable development. This paper analyzes the differential patterns of globalization in four worldwide areas predefined by The World Bank (namely, High-, Upper-Middle-, Lower-Middle-, and Low-Income countries). The main objective of this work is to estimate the effect of globalization on some economic development indicators (specifically per capita income and public expenditure on health) in 217 countries over the period 2000–2016. Methods: Our empirical approach is based on the implementation of a novel econometric methodology: The so-called Toda–Yamamoto procedure, which has been used to analyze the possible causal relationships between the involved variables. We employ World Development Indicators, provided by The World Bank, and the KOF Globalization Index, elaborated by the KOF Swiss Economic Institute. Results: The results show that there is a causal relationship in the sense of Granger between globalization and public expenditure on health, except in High-Income countries. This can be interpreted both negatively and positively, confirming the double character of globalization, as indicated by Stiglitz.

scholarly journals Emerging COVID-19 impacts, responses, and lessons for building resilience in the seafood system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Love ◽  
Edward H. Allison ◽  
Frank Asche ◽  
Ben Belton ◽  
Richard S. Cottrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Building Resilience ◽  
System P ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Alternative Markets

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns are creating health and economic crises that threaten food and nutrition security. The seafood sector provides important sources of employment and nutrition, especially in low-income countries, and is highly globalized, allowing shocks to propagate internationally. We use a resilience ‘action cycle’ framework to study the first five months of COVID-19-related disruptions, impacts, and responses to the seafood sector. Looking across high- and low-income countries, we find that some supply chains, market segments, companies, small-scale actors and civil society have shown initial signs of greater resilience than others. For example, frozen Ecuadorian shrimp and Chinese tilapia exports were diverted to alternative markets, while live-fresh supply chains were more impacted. COVID-19 has also highlighted the vulnerability of certain groups working in- or dependent on the seafood sector. We discuss early coping and adaptive responses, combined with lessons from past shocks, that could be considered when building resilience in the sector.

Vietnam Public Expenditure Review in the Period of 2007-2017 and Some Recommendations

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang Khac Lich ◽  
Nguyen Thi Huyen
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Total State ◽  
High Level ◽  
Budget Expenditure

This study explores the current situation of public spending of Vietnam in the period from 2007 to 2017. The results show that the total state budget expenditure has increased over the past 10 years; however the growth rate of public expenditure has reduced. The state budget deficit and the ratio of public debt to GDP have remained at a high level. The analysis also indicates that there has been an increase in the proportion of recurrent spending in total state budget expenditure. By constract, the percentage of investment expenditure tends to decrease. Expenditures on health, education and science and technology have risen in recent years. Keywords Public expenditure, budget deficit, public debt, development investment expenditures, recurrent expenditures References  [1] Barro, Robert J., “Government spending in a simple model of endogeneous growth”, Journal of Political Economy 98 (1990) 5: 103-125.[2] Ngân hàng Thế giới, “Đánh giá chi tiêu công Việt Nam: Chính sách tài khóa hướng tới bền vững, hiệu quả và công bằng”, 2017.[3] Ngân hàng Thế giới, “Cải thiện hiệu suất và công bằng trong chi tiêu công”, 2017.[4] Sanjeev Gupta, Benedict Clements; Emanuele Baldacci and Carlos Mulas-Granados, “Fiscal Policy, Expenditure Composition and Growth in Low-Income Countries”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 24 (2005) 3, 441-463.[5] Vũ Sỹ Cường, “Cải cách chi tiêu công: Từ lý luận đến thực tiễn ở Việt Nam”, Viện Chiến lược và Chính sách Tài chính, 2018.

scholarly journals Impact of improved small-scale livestock farming on human nutrition

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Emran Hossain ◽  
Md. Ahasanul Hoque ◽  
Emanuele Giorgi ◽  
Guillaume Fournié ◽  
Goutam Buddha Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMicronutrient deficiencies and stunting rates are high in many low-income countries. Increasing and diversifying food intake are often challenging for small-scale farmers in lowland areas as flooding often results in crop losses and drowning of livestock. A cluster-randomised controlled trial was conducted over 12-months in Bangladesh, involving 150 small-scale duck rearing households, including 50 control, and 50 households each in two intervention arms. Interventions focussing on improving duck health and duck nutrition were applied on a village level. Data analysis focussed on assessing the impact of interventions on duck mortality, sales and consumption, and on dietary diversity of household members. Improved duck rearing increased the consumption and the sales of ducks. Household selling more ducks were more likely to purchase and consume milk products, contributing to an improved households’ dietary diversity. Our results suggest that improving duck rearing can provide a suitable and sustainable alternative to maintain and improve dietary diversity of households in flood-prone areas.

scholarly journals A process for developing a sustainable and scalable approach to community engagement: Community Dialogue Approach for addressing the drivers of antibiotic resistance in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca King ◽  
Joseph Hicks ◽  
Christian Rassi ◽  
Muhammad Shafique ◽  
Deepa Barua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Health System ◽  
Community Engagement ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Engagement Interventions

Abstract Background Community engagement approaches that have impacted on health outcomes are often time intensive, small-scale and require high levels of financial and human resources. They can be difficult to sustain and scale-up in low resource settings. Given the reach of health services into communities in low income countries, the health system provides a valuable and potentially sustainable entry point that would allow for scale-up of community engagement interventions. This study explores the process of developing an embedded approach to community engagement taking the global challenge of antibiotic resistance as an example.Methods The intervention was developed using a sequential mixed methods study design. This consisted of: exploring the evidence base through an umbrella review, and identifying key international standards on the appropriate use of antibiotics; undertaking detailed formative research through a) a qualitative study to explore the most appropriate mechanisms through which to embed the intervention within the existing health system and community infrastructure, and to understand patterns of knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance; and b) a household survey – which drew on the qualitative findings - to quantify knowledge, and reported attitudes and practice regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance within the target population; and c) drawing on appropriate theories regarding change mechanisms and experience of implementing community engagement interventions to co-produce the intervention processes and materials with key stakeholders at policy, health system and community level.Results A community engagement intervention was co-produced and was explicitly designed to link into existing health system and community structures and be appropriate for the cultural context, and therefore have the potential to be implemented at scale. We anticipate that taking this approach increases local ownership, as well as the likelihood that the intervention will be sustainable and scalable.Conclusions This study demonstrates the value of ensuring that a range of stakeholders co-produce the intervention, and ensuring that the intervention is designed to be appropriate for the health system, community and cultural context.

scholarly journals Global hidden harvest of freshwater fish revealed by household surveys

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (29) ◽  
pp. 7623-7628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Fluet-Chouinard ◽  
Simon Funge-Smith ◽  
Peter B. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Fishery Exploitation

Consumption of wild-caught freshwater fish is concentrated in low-income countries, where it makes a critical contribution to food security and livelihoods. Underestimation of inland harvests in official statistics has long been suspected due to unmonitored subsistence fisheries. To overcome the lack of data from extensive small-scale harvests, we used household consumption surveys to estimate freshwater fish catches in 42 low- and middle-income countries between 1997 and 2014. After accounting for trade and aquaculture, these countries collectively consumed 3.6 MT (CI, 1.5–5.8) more wild-caught freshwater fish than officially reported, reflecting a net underreporting of 64.8% (CI, 27.1–103.9%). Individual countries were more likely to underestimate (n = 31) than overestimate (n = 11) catches, despite conservative assumptions in our calculations. Extrapolating our findings suggests that the global inland catch reported as 10.3 MT in 2008 was more likely 16.6 MT (CI, 2.3–30.9), which accords with recent independent predictions for rivers and lakes. In human terms, these hidden harvests are equivalent to the total animal protein consumption of 36.9 (CI, 30.8–43.4) million people, including many who rely upon wild fish to achieve even minimal protein intake. The widespread underreporting uncovered by household consumption surveys indicates that inland fisheries contribute far more to global food security than has been recognized previously. Our findings also amplify concerns about the sustainability of intensive fishery exploitation as degradation of rivers, lakes, and wetlands continues apace.

Long-termListeria monocytogenesproliferation control in milk by intermittently delivered pulsed electric fields, implications for food security in the low-income countries

TECHNOLOGY ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Golberg
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Pulsed Electric Fields ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Food Preservation ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Density Control

Microbial density control is a major challenge for food preservation especially in the low-income countries, where 850 million undernourished people live. In this work, we report on non-thermal, chemical-free microbial cell density control by intermittently delivered pulsed electric fields (IDPEF). We show that IDPEF allows for precise control of L. monocytogenes density in contaminated milk, an essential product for small farmers in low-income countries. Using L. monocytogenes growth kinetics, we designed an IDPEF protocol that consists of 2 sequences of 10 square wave pulses, 50 μ s duration, 12.5 kV cm-1electric field strength, delivered at 0.5 Hz and 1 min pause between the sequences applied every 1.5 hours. In a 12 hours experiment at 32 °C, L. monocytogenes density of untreated samples reached (9.1 ± 0.6) ⋅ 107CFU ml-1and (7.1 ± 0.3) ⋅ 108CFU ml-1for initial load of (1.4 ± 0.2) ⋅ 103CFU ml-1and (3.1 ± 0.3) ⋅ 106CFU ml-1respectively; the final density in the IDPEF treated samples, however, was 120 ± 44 CFU ml-1and (1.1 ± 0.3) ⋅ 105CFU ml-1. The energy required for IDPEF storage of milk in the low-income countries could be generated by a small-scale 2kW solar energy system operating 5.5 hours per day in combination with small-scale energy storage system. We believe that IDPEF storage technology can empower millions of small farmers in the low-income countries by providing them a simple and energy efficient technology for milk preservation.

scholarly journals A process for developing a sustainable and scalable approach to community engagement: Community Dialogue Approach for addressing the drivers of antibiotic resistance in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca King ◽  
Joseph Hicks ◽  
Christian Rassi ◽  
Muhammad Shafique ◽  
Deepa Barua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Health System ◽  
Community Engagement ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Engagement Interventions

Abstract Background Community engagement approaches that have impacted on health outcomes are often time intensive, small-scale and require high levels of financial and human resources. They can be difficult to sustain and scale-up in low resource settings. Given the reach of health services into communities in low income countries, the health system provides a valuable and potentially sustainable entry point that would allow for scale-up of community engagement interventions. This study explores the process of developing an embedded approach to community engagement taking the global challenge of antibiotic resistance as an example.Methods The intervention was developed using a sequential mixed methods study design. This consisted of: exploring the evidence base through an umbrella review, and identifying key international standards on the appropriate use of antibiotics; undertaking detailed formative research through a) a qualitative study to explore the most appropriate mechanisms through which to embed the intervention within the existing health system and community infrastructure, and to understand patterns of knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance; and b) a household survey – which drew on the qualitative findings - to quantify knowledge, and reported attitudes and practice regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance within the target population; and c) drawing on appropriate theories regarding change mechanisms and experience of implementing community engagement interventions to co-produce the intervention processes and materials with key stakeholders at policy, health system and community level.Results A community engagement intervention was co-produced and was explicitly designed to link into existing health system and community structures and be appropriate for the cultural context, and therefore have the potential to be implemented at scale. We anticipate that taking this approach increases local ownership, as well as the likelihood that the intervention will be sustainable and scalable.Conclusions This study demonstrates the value of ensuring that a range of stakeholders co-produce the intervention, and ensuring that the intervention is designed to be appropriate for the health system, community and cultural context.

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