Computed Tomography of the Adrenal Gland

With the steep increase in the use of cross-sectional imaging in recent years, the incidentally detected adrenal lesion, or "incidentaloma", has become an increasingly common diagnostic problem for the radiologist, and a need for an approach to classifying these lesions as benign, malignant or indeterminate with imaging has spurred an explosion of research. While most incidentalomas represent benign disease, typically an adenoma, the possibility of malignant involvement of the adrenal gland necessitates a reliance on imaging to inform management decisions. In this article, we review the literature on adrenal gland imaging, with particular emphasis on computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and photon-emission tomography, and discuss how these findings relate to clinical practice. Emerging technologies, such as contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, dual-energy computed tomography, and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging will also be briefly addressed.

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Metastatic renal cell carcinoma of unknown primary site. Clinical follow-up

Modern Oncology ◽

10.26442/18151434.2020.3.200301 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 149-153

Author(s):

N. A. Ognerubov ◽

T. S. Antipova ◽

G. E. Gumareva

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽

Adrenal Gland ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Renal Cell ◽

Clear Cell ◽

Cell Cancer ◽

Primary Site ◽

The Right

Renal cell cancer metastases without evidence of a primary tumor are extremely rare. These variants are usually showed as a spontaneous description of single clinical cases. Aim.This contribution is a clinical follow-up of synchronous renal cell cancer metastases of unknown primary site. Results.A 52-year-old patient U. with a history of increased blood pressure, up to 170/100 mmHg for the last 5 years, who had undergone many instrumental examinations, including ultrasound examination, because of this disease. The computed tomography of the abdomen showed a 4975 mm heterogeneous tumor in the right adrenal gland in October 2017. The combined positron emission and X-ray computed tomography showed a 795441 mm mass in the right adrenal gland, associated with elevated fluorodeoxyglucose metabolic activity SUVmax 7.25. Focal accumulation of the radiopharmaceutical SUVmax 4.31 in a 171124 mm mass was detected in the space of bifurcation in the mediastinum. The lytic lesion (1015 mm) was found in right superior L3 articular process. The patient underwent retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy and thoracoscopic removal of mediastinal tumor in November 2017 because of the oligometastatic nature of the process. The histological study identified clear-cell carcinoma with areas of papillary structure in the right adrenal gland. The immunohistochemical study showed carcinoma cells intensively expressing CD10, and some other cells RCC. The immune phenotype of the tumor was identified as clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. The immunohistological and immunohistochemical analysis reviled the metastases of the same variant of renal cell carcinoma in one of 9 lymph nodes. The patient was treated with pazopanib. The primary renal tumor was not detected during the dynamic observation, including the application of annual combined positron emission and X-ray computed tomography. The patient is alive without disease progression with a follow-up of 32 months. Conclusion.Metastases of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma, including adrenal gland, without evidence of a primary site are extremely rare. The main method of treatment is a combination of surgery and targeted therapy, providing long-term local control of the course of the disease.

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Adrenal incidentaloma. Part 1. Computed tomography of adrenal incidentaloma: the possibilities and difficulties of differential diagnosis

Terapevticheskii arkhiv ◽

10.26442/00403660.2020.12.200451 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 92 (12) ◽

pp. 185-194

Author(s):

S. A. Buryakina ◽

N. V. Tarbaeva ◽

N. N. Volevodz ◽

G. G. Karmazanovsky ◽

L. D. Kovalevich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Adrenal Gland ◽

Correct Diagnosis ◽

Adrenal Incidentaloma ◽

Diagnostic Study ◽

Specific Organ ◽

Adequate Management ◽

Active Can

The adrenal incidentaloma is a lesion of a different etiology and found incidentally in patients who underwent a diagnostic study not about the disease of this organ. Lesions can be both hormonally inactive and hormonally active, can arise from different zones of the adrenal gland or have non-specific organ affiliation, can be benign or malignant. Computed tomography characterization of these lesions, especially the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant, is extremely important for the correct diagnosis in order to provide adequate management of the patient. The article presents the key computed tomography criteria that allow radiologist to characterize the lesion most accurately and consider appropriate diagnosis.

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Appearance of a thymic mass after treatment of Cushing’s syndrome

Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals ◽

10.1177/0218492316686480 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 150-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alessandro P Delitala ◽

Laura Olita ◽

Carla Piras ◽

Rossella Cosseddu ◽

Giorgio Bagella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Adrenal Gland ◽

Thoracic Surgery ◽

Sex Hormones ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽

Thymic Hyperplasia ◽

Adrenal Carcinoma ◽

Irregular Menses

A 23-year-old woman was referred to our center with hirsutism, acne, weight gain, weakness, and irregular menses. Laboratory tests revealed increased levels of cortisol and sex hormones, and reduced adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. The patient underwent a right adrenalectomy. Pathology of the resected right adrenal gland showed an adrenal carcinoma. Computed tomography 8 months after the surgery revealed a thymic mass that was not detected preoperatively. The frequency of rebound thymic hyperplasia after normalization of hypercortisolism is not known, but possibly as high as 40%. Physicians must be aware of this phenomenon to avoid unnecessary thoracic surgery.

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Assessment of adrenal gland volume by computed tomography in depressed patients and healthy volunteers: A pilot study

Psychiatry Research ◽

10.1016/0165-1781(87)90022-9 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 189-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 104

Author(s):

Jay D. Amsterdam ◽

David L. Marinelli ◽

Peter Arger ◽

Andrew Winokur

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Adrenal Gland ◽

Healthy Volunteers ◽

Depressed Patients ◽

Gland Volume ◽

Adrenal Gland Volume

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Primary adrenal sarcomatoid carcinoma

Clinics and Practice ◽

10.4081/cp.2014.604 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Aftab S. Shaikh ◽

Girish D. Bakhshi ◽

Arshad S. Khan ◽

Nilofar M. Jamadar ◽

Aravind Kotresh Nirmala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Case Report ◽

Adrenal Gland ◽

Adrenal Mass ◽

Sarcomatoid Carcinoma ◽

Review Of Literature ◽

Rare Tumors ◽

Radiological Evidence ◽

The Right

Adrenal sarcomatoid carcinomas are extremely rare tumors presenting with extensive locoregional spread at the time of diagnosis. Patients succumb to metastases within a couple of months. As a result, very few cases are reported in the literature until now. We present a case of a 62-year old female with non-functional sarcomatoid carcinoma of the right adrenal gland. There was no radiological evidence of locoregional metastases. Patient underwent right adrenalectomy. Follow up after 3 months showed para-aortic lymphadenopathy and similar left adrenal mass on computed tomography. Patient refused further treatment and succumbed to the disease. A brief case report with review of literature is presented.

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Prevalence of adrenal gland masses as incidental findings during abdominal computed tomography in dogs: 270 cases (2013–2014)

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association ◽

10.2460/javma.249.10.1165 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 249 (10) ◽

pp. 1165-1169 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jared I. Baum ◽

Sarah E. Boston ◽

J. Brad Case

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Adrenal Gland ◽

Incidental Findings ◽

Abdominal Computed Tomography

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A Case Report of a Giant Adrenal Angiomyolipoma at Computed Tomography

Annals of Clinical Cases ◽

10.33597/2692-7993-v2-id1035 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 42-43

Author(s):

Francesco Messina ◽

Lorena Turano ◽

Nicola Arcadi

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Abdominal Pain ◽

Case Report ◽

Adrenal Gland ◽

Female Patient ◽

Uncommon Tumor

Angiomyolipoma of the adrenal gland is an extremely uncommon tumor detected incidentally in studies for other pathologies. We present the case of a 55-year-old female patient with a giant incidental right adrenal angiomyolipoma, detected by Computed Tomography (CT), performed for abdominal pain.

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