scholarly journals Learnings from an Open Science Effort: Virtual Project on the History of ALD

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riikka Puurunen
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Layer ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Early History ◽  
Atomic Layer Epitaxy ◽  
Molecular Layering ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Virtual Project ◽  
Made In

This work summarizes learnings from an Open Science effort “Virtual project on the History of ALD” (VPHA), started in 2013 to clarify the early history of atomic layer deposition (ALD). ALD is a multi-tool of nanotechnology and has been e.g. enabler of the continuation of Moore’s law of transistor scaling. ALD has been developed historically through two independent routes: atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) and molecular layering (ML). Especially the details on ML have remained little known to a broader audience. In this contribution, learnings in VPHA are seen from the viewpoint of its voluntary coordinator (the author self) related to historical details of ALD as well as from an organizational viewpoint and some other viewpoints. Selected details related to ALD’s history not fully accurately described in three earlier review articles are pointed out. The work made in VPHA has resulted in journal articles, presentations and an exhibition, and VPHA has in part provided the foundation for granting the 2018 Millennium Technology Prize to Dr. Tuomo Suntola. At the time of writing this contribution, in July 2018, VPHA is still on-going, and more volunteers are welcome to join the effort.

scholarly journals Электролюминесценция слоев Ta-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-5-=/SUB=-, полученных методом молекулярного наслаивания

2020 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
А.П. Барабан ◽  
В.А. Дмитриев ◽  
В.Е. Дрозд ◽  
Ю.В. Петров ◽  
В.А. Прокофьев
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Structure ◽  
Spectral Region ◽  
Spectral Distribution ◽  
Luminescence Band ◽  
Surface Region ◽  
Atomic Layer ◽  
Molecular Layering ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
Ta2o5 Layer

Abstract. The work shows the possibility of using electroluminescence to study the structures of Si-Ta2O5 and Si-SiO2-Ta2O5 and to obtain the information about the electronic structure of the Ta2O5 layer and the properties of the SiO2-Ta2O5 boundary. A model of the electronic structure of the Ta2O5 layer obtained by molecular layering (atomic layer deposition) is proposed to explain the type of spectral distribution of luminescence regardless of the method of its excitation. It is shown that the formation of a Ta2O5 layer on the surface of thermally oxidized silicon is accompanied by transformation of the near-surface region of SiO2 and quenching of the luminescence band in the spectral region of 650 nm.

1. On the Early History of the Air-Pump in England.

1851 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 207-214
Author(s):  
George Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Made In

The early history of the English air-pump has been latterly allowed to fall into great confusion, so that the steps by which the instrument was improved, the periods at which those improvements were made, and the parties by whom they were effected, are all more or less confounded with each other, or mis-stated.It is in connection with the double-barrelled air-pump, that the accepted history of the instrument is chiefly erroneous, but the mistakes made in reference to the more complex engine, have ultimately involved in confusion even the authentic records of the steps by which the earlier single-barrelled air-pump was improved, so that the account of its successive alterations must commence with its earliest and simplest construction.

scholarly journals An Intellectual History of the Concepts of Premier-Presidentialism and President-Parliamentarism

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Elgie
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Academic Work ◽  
Early History ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time

Shugart and Carey introduced the twin concepts of premier-presidentialism and president-parliamentarism in their 1992 volume, Presidents and Assemblies. Based on a meta-analysis of journal articles and book publications, this article distinguishes between an early and a contemporary history of the two concepts. The period of early history runs from 1992 to around 2009. This was the time when the two concepts were entering the academic consciousness and when there was also some typological and classificatory ambiguity. The period of contemporary history begins in 2010. This era is marked by conceptual and classificatory clarity and by an increasing reference to the two concepts in academic work. In the article, we show how the concepts have been applied over time, noting a number of changes across the two periods under consideration. We conclude by pointing out some challenges to the future application of the two concepts.

Archaeological Remains, Supposedly Navaho, from Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

1939 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy L. Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Early History ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Chaco Canyon ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
History Of ◽  
Made In

Until recently there has been little attempt to trace the early history of the Navaho in the Southwest through their archaeological remains. While some investigators were studying Pueblo archaeology, they did record certain discoveries which tend to throw some light here and there on the earlier history of the Navaho. In the summer of 1937 a reconnaisance of archaeological sites, putatively Navaho, was made in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. The sites were mainly on, or at the base of western Chacra Mesa, some eight miles east of Pueblo Bonito. Interesting information was gathered, particularly in regard to house types, pottery, burials, textiles, and certain other items of material culture which may be correlated with ethnological data on the Navaho.

The Early History of the Baghdād Boil

1934 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Elgood
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
History Of Medicine ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Early History ◽  
Superficial Ulcer ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Made In

The last few years have seen a great and almost universal interest in the history of medicine. It is strange that, in spite of the researches that have been made in the epidemics and diseases of ancient times, none of the writers who have worked on the various aspects of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, as the Baghdād Boil is called in medical languagehas been able to trace the history of the disease before the nineteenth century. It is not as though it were a disease that could have escaped the notice of the ancients. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is characterized by a superficial ulcer, sometimes as large as the top of a coffee cup, which runs a slow and protracted course. It is not as though it were a disease confined to some distant and uncivilized part of the globe. It is found in South America, North Africa, and all over the Middle and Near East. Why, then, is there no history of the disease ? Where did it start ? Who can claim the honour of introducing the Bouton de Biskra into Moroccothe Baghdād Boil into 'Irāq, the Delhi Boil into India, and the Tropical Sore into non-tropical Persia ?

scholarly journals Early Attempts at Church Union in America

1910 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 103-114
Author(s):  
James Isaac Good
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
History Of ◽  
Made In

THE eighteenth century was noted rather for the rise of new denominations than the union of old ones. Nevertheless it is not to be forgotten that attempts at union were made even though they were unsuccessful. It has taken nearly two hundred years for us in America to work out a plan of federation such as was attempted at Philadelphia in the early part of December, 1908. Federal Union was unknown, unthought of, in those early days. Organic union was the kind most generally considered. And this greatly increased the difficulties of forming church unions, as denominations were not generally willing to give up their peculiarities or their independence. I wish to speak of two efforts at church union especially connected with my own church, the German Reformed Church, leaving it for others to speak of other efforts that may have been made in the early history of America. In this age when church union is in the air it is certainly not unsuitable to study these early movements.

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