Gastrointestinal jabberwocky to bioengineering design: using function diagrams to teach physiology

Thad E. Wilson; Kim E. Barrett

doi:10.1152/advan.00240.2020

Gastrointestinal jabberwocky to bioengineering design: using function diagrams to teach physiology

AJP Advances in Physiology Education ◽

10.1152/advan.00240.2020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 264-268

Author(s):

Thad E. Wilson ◽

Kim E. Barrett

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal System ◽

Gastrointestinal Physiology ◽

Function Diagram

Function diagrams put the focus on physiology and physiological concepts rather than the associated anatomy. Function diagrams could potentially serve as an elaboration tool and memory aid (mnemonic) to improve learning and recall. The function diagram prototype of the gastrointestinal system can aid in the instruction of difficult gastrointestinal physiology topics using a sequential focus on fundamental gastrointestinal functions.

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Covid-19: A review of its clinical features, effects on gastrointestinal system and possibility of faecal transmission

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.2881 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽

pp. 623-627

Author(s):

Kanishk K Adhit ◽

Anjankar Ashish P ◽

Siddhaarth K

Keyword(s):

Clinical Presentation ◽

Throat Swab ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Review Article ◽

Gastrointestinal System ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Significant Evidence ◽

Stool Samples ◽

High Possibility ◽

Positive Results

In China, Wuhan in the province of China, COVID-19 a patient suffering from pneumonia was tested and to identify the cause, the throat swab of the patient was tested. On 7th January 2020 WHO declared the identification as COVID-19. And then it was proclaimed as a pandemic. It classically causes a respiratory illness presenting as a mild cough, fever and . However, several investigators have advocated the involvement of the gastrointestinal tract and liver in COVID-19 infection similar to other infections. Further research studies have shown results that are expanding the possibility of transmission because RT-PCR assessment has shown significant evidence for the presence of virus not only in samples but also in stool samples. Studies have shown that virus in stool samples have got positive results even after the illness has resolved, and two respiratory tests were done 24 hours after COVID-19 being tested negative. The review article the different findings of the clinical presentation of COVID-19. It sheds light on the effects of COVID-19 in the gastrointestinal system along with the reasons for the high possibility of transmission of COVID-19 through the route.

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Mitigation of Radiation-induced Gastrointestinal System Injury using Resveratrol or Alpha-lipoic Acid: A Pilot Histopathological Study

Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871523018666191111124028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 413-424

Author(s):

Bagher Farhood ◽

Gholamreza Hassanzadeh ◽

Peyman Amini ◽

Dheyauldeen Shabeeb ◽

Ahmed Eleojo Musa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipoic Acid ◽

Gamma Ray ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Gastrointestinal System ◽

Alpha Tocopherol ◽

Whole Body ◽

Histopathological Study ◽

Alpha Lipoic Acid ◽

Pilot Investigation ◽

Radiation Induced

Aim: In this study, we aimed to determine possible mitigation of radiationinduced toxicities in the duodenum, jejunum and colon using post-exposure treatment with resveratrol and alpha-lipoic acid. Background: After the bone marrow, gastrointestinal system toxicity is the second critical cause of death following whole-body exposure to radiation. Its side effects reduce the quality of life of patients who have undergone radiotherapy. Resveratrol has an antioxidant effect and stimulates DNA damage responses (DDRs). Alpha-lipoic acid neutralizes free radicals via the recycling of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol. Objective: This study is a pilot investigation of the mitigation of enteritis using resveratrol and alpha-lipoic acid following histopathological study. Methods: 60 male mice were randomly assigned to six groups; control, resveratrol treatment, alpha-lipoic acid treatment, whole-body irradiation, irradiation plus resveratrol, and irradiation plus alpha-lipoic acid. The mice were irradiated with a single dose of 7 Gy from a cobalt-60 gamma-ray source. Treatment with resveratrol or alpha-lipoic acid started 24 h after irradiation and continued for 4 weeks. All mice were sacrificed after 30 days for histopathological evaluation of radiation-induced toxicities in the duodenum, jejunum and colon. Results and Conclusion: Exposure to radiation caused mild to severe damages to vessels, goblet cells and villous. It also led to significant infiltration of macrophages and leukocytes, especially in the colon. Both resveratrol and alpha-lipoic acid were able to mitigate morphological changes. However, they could not mitigate vascular injury. Conclusion: Resveratrol and alpha-lipoic acid could mitigate radiation-induced injuries in the small and large intestine. A comparison between these agents showed that resveratrol may be a more effective mitigator compared to alpha-lipoic acid.

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Impact of the Fontan Operation on Organ Systems

Cardiovascular & Haematological Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871529x19666190211165124 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 205-214

Author(s):

Miriam Michel ◽

Manuela Zlamy ◽

Andreas Entenmann ◽

Karin Pichler ◽

Sabine Scholl-Bürgi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Study ◽

Fontan Operation ◽

Gastrointestinal System ◽

Adjunct Treatment ◽

Organ Systems ◽

Fontan Surgery ◽

Fontan Patients

: In patients having undergone the Fontan operation, besides the well discussed changes in the cardiac, pulmonary and gastrointestinal system, alterations of further organ systems including the hematologic, immunologic, endocrinological and metabolic are reported. As a medical adjunct to Fontan surgery, the systematic study of the central role of the liver as a metabolizing and synthesizing organ should allow for a better understanding of the pathomechanism underlying the typical problems in Fontan patients, and in this context, the profiling of endocrinological and metabolic patterns might offer a tool for the optimization of Fontan follow-up, targeted monitoring and specific adjunct treatment.

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Impact of Acid-Reducing Agents on Gastrointestinal Physiology and Design of Biorelevant Dissolution Tests to Reflect These Changes

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.xphs.2019.06.021 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 108 (11) ◽

pp. 3461-3477 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Domagoj Segregur ◽

Talia Flanagan ◽

James Mann ◽

Andrea Moir ◽

Eva M. Karlsson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reducing Agents ◽

Gastrointestinal Physiology ◽

Biorelevant Dissolution ◽

Dissolution Tests

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The Association between Ranitidine Use and Gastrointestinal Cancers

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13010024 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 24

Author(s):

Gerald McGwin

Keyword(s):

Adverse Event ◽

Adverse Events ◽

Reporting System ◽

Large Body ◽

Science Research ◽

Gastrointestinal System ◽

Gastrointestinal Cancers ◽

H2 Antagonists ◽

Study Results ◽

Risk Of Cancer

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a carcinogen in experimental animals. It has been classified a probable human carcinogen and has been found in ranitidine. This study sought to evaluate the association between ranitidine use and cancer of the gastrointestinal system. Events reported to the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System that were associated with the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 antagonists were selected. Proportionate reporting ratios (PRRs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to compare the proportion of all reported adverse events that were for gastrointestinal system cancers among adverse event reports for ranitidine to adverse event reports for other H2 antagonists. The proportion of adverse events for any gastrointestinal system cancer relative to all other events was elevated for ranitidine compared to PPIs and other H2 antagonists (PRR 3.66, 95% CI 3.19–4.20). Elevated and significant PRRs were observed for pharyngeal (PRR 9.24), esophageal (PRR 3.56), stomach (PRR 1.48), colorectal (PRR 16.31), liver (PRR 2.64), and pancreatic (PRR 2.18) cancers. The PRRs for anal (PRR 4.62) and gallbladder (PRR 4.62) cancer were also elevated though not statistically significant. In conjunction with a large body of epidemiologic and human and animal basic science research, the study results support the hypothesis that NDMA-contaminated ranitidine increases the risk of cancer and supports the withdrawal of these medications from the market.

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Gastrointestinal Physiology Before and After Duodenal Switch with Comparisons to Unoperated Lean Controls: Novel Use of the SmartPill Wireless Motility Capsule

Obesity Surgery ◽

10.1007/s11695-021-05452-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Khalid Elias ◽

Per M. Hellström ◽

Dominic-Luc Webb ◽

Magnus Sundbom

Keyword(s):

Small Bowel ◽

Transit Time ◽

Duodenal Switch ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽

Small Bowel Transit ◽

Gastrointestinal Physiology ◽

Time Points ◽

Small Bowel Transit Time ◽

Wireless Motility Capsule

Abstract Purpose Bariatric surgery alters gastrointestinal anatomy. In this exploratory study, the SmartPill® wireless motility capsule (WMC) was used to study changes in gastrointestinal physiology following biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS). Material and Methods Twenty-eight BPD/DS patients (35 ± 11 years, 50% females, body mass index [BMI] 56 ± 5) were to be examined preoperatively and postoperatively. In addition to transit time, appetite control and gastrointestinal symptoms were studied by patient-scored questionnaires (visual analogue scale and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS)). Data was compared to 41 lean unoperated controls. Results About 1.8 years postoperatively, 18 patients (BMI 35.8 ± 8.3) returned for a second WMC test. As expected, small bowel transit time was reduced, from 3.9 ± 1.6 h to 2.8 ± 2.0, p = 0.02, and at both these time points, it was shorter than in lean controls (5.4 ± 1.9 h, p = 0.001). Postoperatively, a trend towards reduced colon and whole gut transit times was seen in BPD/DS-patients, thus approaching those of lean controls. Surprisingly, BPD/DS patients scored higher satiety than controls preoperatively as well as increased hunger and desire to eat postoperatively. Compared to lean, BPD/DS patients reported a higher total GSRS score at both time points (1.2 ± 0.2 vs 1.7 ± 0.6 and 2.3 ± 0.5, p < 0.001). Postoperatively, the scores for diarrhea and indigestion increased. Conclusions The novel use of the SmartPill system in BPD/DS patients gave the expected readouts. Although small bowel transit time was further shortened after BPD/DS, whole gut transit time did not differ from controls. Typical gastrointestinal symptoms were reported postoperatively. Graphical abstract

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