Autophagy in health and disease. 1. Regulation and significance of autophagy: an overview

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (4) ◽  
pp. C776-C785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Mehrpour ◽  
Audrey Esclatine ◽  
Isabelle Beau ◽  
Patrice Codogno
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vacuole ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Health And Disease

Macroautophagy is a vacuolar degradation pathway that terminates in the lysosomal compartment after formation of a cytoplasmic vacuole or autophagosome that engulfs macromolecules and organelles. The identification of ATG (autophagy-related) genes that are involved in the formation of autophagosomes has greatly increased our knowledge of the molecular basis of macroautophagy, and its roles in cell function, which extend far beyond degradation and quality control of the cytoplasm. Macroautophagy, which plays a major role in tissue homeostasis, is now recognized as contributing to innate and adaptive immune responses. Recently, several mediators of apoptosis have been shown to control macroautophagy. Deciphering the cross talk between macroautophagy and apoptosis probably should help increase understanding of the role of macroautophagy in human disease and is likely to be of therapeutic importance.

scholarly journals ATP Induces IL-1βSecretion inNeisseria gonorrhoeae-Infected Human Macrophages by a Mechanism Not Related to the NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 Axis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Killen García ◽  
Gisselle Escobar ◽  
Pablo Mendoza ◽  
Caroll Beltran ◽  
Claudio Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Pore Formation ◽  
Human Monocyte ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Caspase 1

Neisseria gonorrhoeae(Ngo) has developed multiple immune evasion mechanisms involving the innate and adaptive immune responses. Recent findings have reported that Ngo reduces the IL-1βsecretion of infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Here, we investigate the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in production and release of IL-1βin Ngo-infected MDM. We found that the exposure of Ngo-infected MDM to ATP increases IL-1βlevels about ten times compared with unexposed Ngo-infected MDM (P<0.01). However, we did not observe any changes in inflammasome transcriptional activation of speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) (ASC,P>0.05) and caspase-1 (CASP1,P>0.05). In addition, ATP was not able to modify caspase-1 activity in Ngo-infected MDM but was able to increase pyroptosis (P>0.01). Notably ATP treatment defined an increase of positive staining for IL-1βwith a distinctive intracellular pattern of distribution. Collectively, these data demonstrate that ATP induces IL-1βsecretion by a mechanism not related to the NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1 axis and likely is acting at the level of vesicle trafficking or pore formation.

Role of DAP12 in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoko Aoki ◽  
Shoji Kimura ◽  
Zhou Xing
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Adaptive immunity

2020 ◽  
pp. 325-336
Author(s):  
Paul Klenerman
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Antigenic Specificity ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The adaptive immune response is distinguished from the innate immune response by two main features: its capacity to respond flexibly to new, previously unencountered antigens (antigenic specificity), and its enhanced capacity to respond to previously encountered antigens (immunological memory). These two features have provided the focus for much research attention, from the time of Jenner, through Pasteur onwards. Historically, innate and adaptive immune responses have often been treated as separate, with the latter being considered more ‘advanced’ because of its flexibility. It is now clear this not the case, and in recent years the molecular basis for these phenomena has become much better understood.

scholarly journals Crosstalk between Dendritic Cells and Immune Modulatory Agents against Sepsis

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoying Wang ◽  
Xianghui Li ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla ◽  
Tieshan Teng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Th2 Responses ◽  
Novel Strategy

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in the immune system which sense pathogens and present their antigens to prime the adaptive immune responses. As the progression of sepsis occurs, DCs are capable of orchestrating the aberrant innate immune response by sustaining the Th1/Th2 responses that are essential for host survival. Hence, an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of DCs would have a beneficial effect in overcoming the obstacle occurring in sepsis. This paper focuses on the role of DCs in the progression of sepsis and we also discuss the reverse sepsis-induced immunosuppression through manipulating the DC function. In addition, we highlight some potent immunotherapies that could be used as a novel strategy in the early treatment of sepsis.

scholarly journals Cell Intrinsic Roles of Apoptosis-Associated Speck-Like Protein in Regulating Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 2418-2423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoda Hassan ◽  
Amal O. Amer
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protein Kinases ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Intrinsic Roles

The role of apoptosis-associated speck-Like protein (ASC) in the assembly of the inflammasome complex within macrophages has been elucidated in several studies. In this particular role, ASC functions as an adaptor protein by linking nod-like receptors (NLRs) and procaspase-1, thereby leading to the activation of caspase-1 to cleave inflammatory cytokines IL-1βand IL-18 and inducing pyroptosis. It has been noted that ASC maintains inflammasome-independent roles, including but not limited to controlling the expression of Dock2 and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK/ERK2) and regulating the NF-κB pathway. This paper will emphasize the major roles of ASC during pathogen infection, the mechanisms by which it mediates inflammation, and discuss its more recently discovered functions.

scholarly journals Type I Interferons Mediate the Innate Cytokine Response to Recombinant Fowlpox Virus but Not the Induction of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell-Dependent Adaptive Immunity

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (13) ◽  
pp. 6549-6563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin L. Lousberg ◽  
Cara K. Fraser ◽  
Michael G. Tovey ◽  
Kerrilyn R. Diener ◽  
John D. Hayball
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Type I ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Fowlpox Virus ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Type I Ifns

ABSTRACT Type I interferons (IFNs) are considered to be important mediators of innate immunity due to their inherent antiviral activity, ability to drive the transcription of a number of genes involved in viral clearance, and their role in the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Due to the central role of type I IFNs, we sought to determine their importance in the generation of immunity to a recombinant vaccine vector fowlpox virus (FPV). In analyzing the role of type I IFNs in immunity to FPV, we show that they are critical to the secretion of a number of innate and proinflammatory cytokines, including type I IFNs themselves as well as interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-1β, and that deficiency leads to enhanced virus-mediated antigen expression. Interestingly, however, type I IFNs were not required for adaptive immune responses to recombinant FPV even though plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), the primary producers of type I IFNs, have been shown to be requisite for this to occur. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the importance of pDCs may lie in their ability to capture and present virally derived antigen to T cells rather than in their capacity as professional type I IFN-producing cells.

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