Architecture, composition, and contractile properties of rat soleus muscle grafts

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (3) ◽  
pp. C474-C479 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Segal ◽  
T. P. White ◽  
J. A. Faulkner
Keyword(s):  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tension Development ◽  
Specific Tension ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Rat Soleus Muscle ◽  
Total Muscle

Skeletal muscle grafts have a deficit in tension development compared with control muscles, even after accounting for reduced mass and total muscle cross-sectional area. Our purpose was to determine relationships among the architecture, tissue composition, and contractile properties of rat soleus muscle grafts. Data were compared with control soleus muscles obtained from littermates. Female Wistar rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium for grafting of soleus muscles with nerve implant and for dissection of muscles 56 days after grafting. Compared with control values, the maximum specific tension (N/cm2) of grafts was 76%, the interstitial (inulin) space was 135%, and the connective tissue protein concentration was 177%. For grafts, total muscle length and fiber length were 91 and 123% of control values, respectively. The extrapolated shortening velocity at zero load (fiber lengths/s) for grafts was not different from the control value. The deficit in specific tension of grafts is explained by a greater concentration of noncontractile tissue components. Changes in muscle architecture and composition following grafting had little affect on contraction dynamics.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional architecture of the whole human soleus muscle in vivo

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Bolsterlee ◽  
Taija Finni ◽  
Arkiev D’Souza ◽  
Junya Eguchi ◽  
Elizabeth C. Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Fascicle Length ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Muscle Fascicle ◽  
Total Muscle

Background Most data on the architecture of the human soleus muscle have been obtained from cadaveric dissection or two-dimensional ultrasound imaging. We present the first comprehensive, quantitative study on the three-dimensional anatomy of the human soleus muscle in vivo using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques. Methods We report three-dimensional fascicle lengths, pennation angles, fascicle curvatures, physiological cross-sectional areas and volumes in four compartments of the soleus at ankle joint angles of 69 ± 12° (plantarflexion, short muscle length; average ± SD across subjects) and 108 ± 7° (dorsiflexion, long muscle length) of six healthy young adults. Microdissection and three-dimensional digitisation on two cadaveric muscles corroborated the compartmentalised structure of the soleus, and confirmed the validity of DTI-based muscle fascicle reconstructions. Results The posterior compartments of the soleus comprised 80 ± 5% of the total muscle volume (356 ± 58 cm3). At the short muscle length, the average fascicle length, pennation angle and curvature was 37 ± 8 mm, 31 ± 3° and 17 ± 4 /m, respectively. We did not find differences in fascicle lengths between compartments. However, pennation angles were on average 12° larger (p < 0.01) in the posterior compartments than in the anterior compartments. For every centimetre that the muscle-tendon unit lengthened, fascicle lengths increased by 3.7 ± 0.8 mm, pennation angles decreased by −3.2 ± 0.9° and curvatures decreased by −2.7 ± 0.8 /m. Fascicles in the posterior compartments rotated almost twice as much as in the anterior compartments during passive lengthening. Discussion The homogeneity in fascicle lengths and inhomogeneity in pennation angles of the soleus may indicate a functionally different role for the anterior and posterior compartments. The data and techniques presented here demonstrate how DTI can be used to obtain detailed, quantitative measurements of the anatomy of complex skeletal muscles in living humans.

scholarly journals Age-related changes in contractile properties of single skeletal fibers from the soleus muscle

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 881-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
LaDora V. Thompson ◽  
Marybeth Brown
Keyword(s):  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Brown Norway ◽  
Type I ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Specific Tension ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

Peak absolute force, specific tension (peak absolute force per cross-sectional area), cross-sectional area, maximal unloaded shortening velocity ( V o; determined by the slack test), and myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform compositions were determined in 124 single skeletal fibers from the soleus muscle of 12-, 24-, 30-, 36-, and 37-mo-old Fischer 344 Brown Norway F1 Hybrid rats. All fibers expressed the type I MHC isoform. The mean V o remained unchanged from 12 to 24 mo but did decrease significantly from the 24- to 30-mo time period (from 1.71 ± 0.13 to 0.85 ± 0.09 fiber lengths/s). Fiber cross-sectional area remained constant until 36 mo of age, at which time there was a 20% decrease from the values at 12 mo of age (from 5,558 ± 232 to 4,339 ± 280 μm2). A significant decrease in peak absolute force of single fibers occurred between 12 and 24 mo of age (from 51 ± 2 × 10−5 to 35 ± 2 × 10−5 N) and then remained constant until 36 mo, when another 43% decrease occurred. Like peak absolute force, the specific tension decreased significantly between 12 and 24 mo by 20%, and another 32% decline was observed at 37 mo. Thus, by 24 mo, there was a dissociation between the loss of fiber cross-sectional area and force. The results suggest time-specific changes of the contractile properties with aging that are independent of each other. Underlying mechanisms responsible for the time-dependent and contractile property-specific changes are unknown. Age-related changes in the molecular dynamics of myosin may be the underlying mechanism for altered force production. The presence of more than one β/slow MHC isoform may be the mechanism for the altered V o with age.

Contractile properties of rat soleus muscle: effects of training and fatique

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (3) ◽  
pp. C86-C91 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Fitts ◽  
J. O. Holloszy
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Contraction Time ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Tension Development ◽  
Prolonged Training ◽  
Rat Soleus Muscle ◽  
Tetanic Tension

The effects of exercise training and fatique on the contractile properties of rat soleus muscles have been investigated. Prolonged exercise, consisting of 2 h or daily treadmill running, induced small but significant decrease in contraction time, one-half relaxation time, and maximum tetanic tension (Po), and increase in the peak rate of tension development (dP/dt) during a twitch, and an increase in maximum shortening velocity (Vmax). The 20% increase in Vmax was proportional to the previously reported increase in actomyosin ATPase induced by 2 h of daily running. These results indicate that prolonged training can induce modifications of the neurally determined contractile properties of skeletal muscle. To investigate the effects of fatigue, soleus muscles were stimulated in situ with 250-ms trains of 100 Hz at a rate of 110 trains per minute for 30 min. This resulted in a 32% decrease in Po, a 48% decline in peak tetanic dP/dt, and a 12% decrease in Vmax in muscles of untrained animals. Muscles that had adapted to exercise were significantly protected against the decrease in Po (only an 8% decrease) and Vmax (no significant decrease) but not against the decline in peak dP/dt.

Functional significance of compensatory overloaded rat fast muscle

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Roy ◽  
I. D. Meadows ◽  
K. M. Baldwin ◽  
V. R. Edgerton
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Slow Muscle ◽  
Repetitive Stimulation ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Isometric Twitch

Chronic overload of a skeletal muscle by removing its synergists produces hypertrophy and marked changes in its metabolic and biochemical properties. In this study alterations in the contractile properties of the plantaris 12–14 wk after bilateral removal of the soleus and gastrocnemius were investigated. In situ isometric and isotonic contractile properties of overloaded plantaris (OP), normal plantaris (NP), and normal soleus (NS) were tested at 33 +/- 1 degree C. Op were 97% heavier than NP and produced 43 and 46% higher twitch (Pt) and tetanic (Po) tensions. However, NP produced more tension per cross-sectional area than OP (mean 26.2 vs. 21.6 N/cm2; P less than 0.001). Isometric twitch time to peak tension (TPT) and half-relaxation time (1/2RT) were significantly longer in OP (mean 36.4 vs. 32.5 ms and 23.9 vs. 18.4 ms). Mean maximum shortening velocity (Vmax, mm/s per 1,000 sarcomeres) were 34.1 for NP and 18.1 for OP (P less than 0.001). The degree of conversion toward the Vmax of NS was 74% compared with only 19 and 14% for TPT and 1/2RT. OP produced a higher proportion of Po at a given stimulation frequency than NP and showed less fatigue than NP after repetitive stimulation. Chronic overload of the fast plantaris modified to varying degrees the contractile properties studied toward that resembling a slow muscle. Although the maximum tension of OP was markedly enhanced it was not in proportion to the increase in muscle mass.

The EMG-force relationship of the cat soleus muscle and its association with contractile conditions during locomotion.

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (4) ◽  
pp. 975-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
A C Guimaraes ◽  
W Herzog ◽  
T L Allinger ◽  
Y T Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Adaptive Filtering ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Force Transducer ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Integrated Emg ◽  
Filtering Approach

The relationship between force and electromyographic (EMG) signals of the cat soleus muscle was obtained for three animals during locomotion at five different speeds (154 steps), using implanted EMG electrodes and a force transducer. Experimentally obtained force-IEMG (= integrated EMG) relationships were compared with theoretically predicted instantaneous activation levels calculated by dividing the measured force by the predicted maximal force that the muscle could possibly generate as a function of its instantaneous contractile conditions. In addition, muscular forces were estimated from the corresponding EMG records exclusively using an adaptive filtering approach. Mean force-IEMG relationships were highly non-linear but similar in shape for different cats and different speeds of locomotion. The theoretically predicted activation-time plots typically showed two peaks, as did the IEMG-time plots. The first IEMG peak tended to be higher than the second one and it appeared to be associated with the initial priming of the muscle for force production at paw contact and the peak force observed early during the stance phase. The second IEMG peak appeared to be a burst of high muscle activation, which might have compensated for the levels of muscle length and shortening velocity that were suboptimal during the latter part of the stance phase. Although it was difficult to explain the soleus forces on the basis of the theoretically predicted instantaneous activation levels, it was straightforward to approximate these forces accurately from EMG data using an adaptive filtering approach.

scholarly journals Impact of acute ascites on the action of the canine abdominal muscles

2008 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 1568-1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri Leduc ◽  
André De Troyer
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Length ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Oblique Muscle ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Airway Opening ◽  
Internal Oblique ◽  
Resting Muscle

Although ascites causes abdominal expansion, its effects on abdominal muscle function are uncertain. In the present study, progressively increasing ascites was induced in supine anesthetized dogs, and the changes in abdominal (ΔPab) and airway opening (ΔPao) pressure obtained during stimulation of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles were measured; the changes in internal oblique muscle length were also measured. As ascites increased from 0 to 100 ml/kg body wt, Pab and muscle length during relaxation increased. ΔPab also showed a threefold increase ( P < 0.001). However, ΔPao decreased ( P < 0.001). When ascites increased further to 200 ml/kg, resting muscle length continued to increase and muscle shortening during stimulation became very small so that active muscle length was 155% of the resting muscle length in the control condition. Concomitantly, ΔPab returned to the control value, and ΔPao continued to decrease. Similar results were obtained with the animals in the head-up posture, although the decrease in ΔPao appeared only when ascites was greater than 125 ml/kg. It is concluded that 1) ascites adversely affects the expiratory action of the abdominal muscles on the lung; 2) this effect results primarily from the increase in diaphragm elastance; and 3) when ascites is severe, the abdomen cross-sectional area is also increased and the abdominal muscles are excessively lengthened so that their active pressure-generating ability itself is reduced.

Contractile properties of rat, rhesus monkey, and human type I muscle fibers

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (1) ◽  
pp. R34-R42 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Widrick ◽  
J. G. Romatowski ◽  
M. Karhanek ◽  
R. H. Fitts
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Type I ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Cross Sectional

It is well known that skeletal muscle intrinsic maximal shortening velocity is inversely related to species body mass. However, there is uncertainty regarding the relationship between the contractile properties of muscle fibers obtained from commonly studied laboratory animals and those obtained from humans. In this study we determined the contractile properties of single chemically skinned fibers prepared from rat, rhesus monkey, and human soleus and gastrocnemius muscle samples under identical experimental conditions. All fibers used for analysis expressed type I myosin heavy chain as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Allometric coefficients for type I fibers from each muscle indicated that there was little change in peak tension (force/fiber cross-sectional area) across species. In contrast, both soleus and gastrocnemius type I fiber maximal unloaded shortening velocity (Vo), the y-intercept of the force-velocity relationship (Vmax), peak power per unit fiber length, and peak power normalized for fiber length and cross-sectional area were all inversely related to species body mass. The present allometric coefficients for soleus fiber Vo (-0.18) and Vmax (-0.11) are in good agreement with published values for soleus fibers obtained from common laboratory and domesticated mammals. Taken together, these observations suggest that the Vo of slow fibers from quadrupeds and humans scale similarly and can be described by the same quantitative relationships. These findings have implications in the design and interpretation of experiments, especially those that use small laboratory mammals as a model of human muscle function.

MUSCLE BULGING REDUCES MUSCLE FORCE AND LIMITS THE MAXIMAL EFFECTIVE MUSCLE SIZE

2006 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARL DAGGFELDT
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Force ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Intramuscular Pressure ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Muscle Shortening ◽  
Force Reduction ◽  
Total Muscle

A biomechanical model was generated in order to investigate the possible mechanisms behind reductions in muscle performance due to muscle bulging. It was shown that the proportion of fiber force contributing to the total muscle force is reduced with fiber bulging and that the cause of this reduction is due to the intramuscular pressure (IMP) created by the bulging fibers. Moreover, it was established that the amount of IMP generated muscle force reduction is determined by the extent to which muscle thickening restricts muscle fibers from shortening, thereby limiting their power contribution. It was shown that bulging can set a limit to the maximal size a muscle can take without losing force and power producing capability. Possible effects, due to bulging, on maximal muscle force in relation to both muscle length and muscle shortening velocity were also demonstrated by the model.

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle fiber atrophy: altered thin filament density changes slow fiber force and shortening velocity

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (2) ◽  
pp. C360-C365 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Riley ◽  
J. L. W. Bain ◽  
J. G. Romatowski ◽  
R. H. Fitts
Keyword(s):  
Thin Filament ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Hindlimb Suspension ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Thin Filaments ◽  
Specific Tension ◽  
Fast Myosin ◽  
Working Length ◽  
Filament Spacing

Single skinned fibers from soleus and adductor longus (AL) muscles of weight-bearing control rats and rats after 14-day hindlimb suspension unloading (HSU) were studied physiologically and ultrastructurally to investigate how slow fibers increase shortening velocity ( V0) without fast myosin. We hypothesized that unloading and shortening of soleus during HSU reduces densities of thin filaments, generating wider myofilament separations that increase V0 and decrease specific tension (kN/m2). During HSU, plantarflexion shortened soleus working length 23%. AL length was unchanged. Both muscles atrophied as shown by reductions in fiber cross-sectional area. For AL, the 60% atrophy accounted fully for the 58% decrease in absolute tension (mN). In the soleus, the 67% decline in absolute tension resulted from 58% atrophy plus a 17% reduction in specific tension. Soleus fibers exhibited a 25% reduction in thin filaments, whereas there was no change in AL thin filament density. Loss of thin filaments is consistent with reduced cross bridge formation, explaining the fall in specific tension. V0 increased 27% in soleus but was unchanged in AL. The V0 of control and HSU fibers was inversely correlated ( R = −0.83) with thin filament density and directly correlated ( R = 0.78) with thick-to-thin filament spacing distance in a nonlinear fashion. These data indicate that reduction in thin filament density contributes to an increased V0 in slow fibers. Osmotically compacting myofilaments with 5% dextran returned density, spacing, and specific tension and slowed V0 to near-control levels and provided evidence for myofilament spacing modulating tension and V0.

Contractile properties of muscle: control by pattern of muscle activity in the rat

1974 ◽  
Vol 187 (1086) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Stimulation Frequency ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Fast Muscle ◽  
Muscle Control ◽  
Rat Soleus Muscle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Slow Twitch

The denervated slow twitch rat soleus muscle was stimulated electrically for 3-6 weeks with brief trains of stimuli at 100 Hz or long trains at 10 Hz. In both cases the mean stimulation frequency was 2 Hz. Muscles stimulated at 100 Hz acquired several properties characteristic of fast muscle, whereas muscles stimulated at 10 Hz remained slow. The results demonstrate the importance of pattern of muscle activity in determining the contractile properties of muscle.

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