scholarly journals Impact of acute ascites on the action of the canine abdominal muscles

2008 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 1568-1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri Leduc ◽  
André De Troyer
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Length ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Oblique Muscle ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Airway Opening ◽  
Internal Oblique ◽  
Resting Muscle

Although ascites causes abdominal expansion, its effects on abdominal muscle function are uncertain. In the present study, progressively increasing ascites was induced in supine anesthetized dogs, and the changes in abdominal (ΔPab) and airway opening (ΔPao) pressure obtained during stimulation of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles were measured; the changes in internal oblique muscle length were also measured. As ascites increased from 0 to 100 ml/kg body wt, Pab and muscle length during relaxation increased. ΔPab also showed a threefold increase ( P < 0.001). However, ΔPao decreased ( P < 0.001). When ascites increased further to 200 ml/kg, resting muscle length continued to increase and muscle shortening during stimulation became very small so that active muscle length was 155% of the resting muscle length in the control condition. Concomitantly, ΔPab returned to the control value, and ΔPao continued to decrease. Similar results were obtained with the animals in the head-up posture, although the decrease in ΔPao appeared only when ascites was greater than 125 ml/kg. It is concluded that 1) ascites adversely affects the expiratory action of the abdominal muscles on the lung; 2) this effect results primarily from the increase in diaphragm elastance; and 3) when ascites is severe, the abdomen cross-sectional area is also increased and the abdominal muscles are excessively lengthened so that their active pressure-generating ability itself is reduced.

Mechanical response to hyperinflation of the two abdominal muscle layers

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 2189-2195 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Leevers ◽  
J. D. Road
Keyword(s):  
Functional Residual Capacity ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Lung Inflation ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Length Changes ◽  
External Oblique ◽  
Internal Oblique

Abdominal muscle length changes and activity were directly examined in vivo with the use of the techniques of sonomicrometry and electromyography, respectively, in nine supine anesthetized dogs. Expiratory threshold loading was utilized to stimulate recruitment of the abdominal muscles, and lung inflations produced the passive relationships. The internal layer, consisting of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis, shortened more in expiration than the external layer, consisting of the external oblique and rectus abdominis. The internal oblique shortened to approximately 83% of its length at functional residual capacity vs. 98% for the external oblique (P less than 0.05). The results obtained during passive lung inflation indicate these internal muscles are also more influenced by changes in lung volume. The internal oblique lengthened to 115% of its length at functional residual capacity vs. 103% for external oblique at total lung capacity (P less than 0.05). The results suggest that anatomic division of the abdominal muscles into external and internal layers corresponds to functional differences in terms of both passive lengthening and active shortening during ventilation and that these differences imply variable functions of the two layers.

Exercising on Different Unstable Surfaces Increases Core Abdominal Muscle Thickness: An Observational Study Using Real-Time Ultrasound

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 803-808
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Gibbons ◽  
Marie-Louise Bird
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Exercise Adherence ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Internal Oblique ◽  
Ultrasound Investigation

Background: The training of abdominal muscles has a positive impact on the functional capacity of healthy adults, being applied practically in fields of athletics and fitness through rehabilitation for lower back pain. Objective: The study compares abdominal muscle activity while performing graded isometric exercises on stable and unstable surfaces. The authors also examined perceived stability and comfort for the different surfaces. Methods: A total of 30 young, healthy adults performed 3 graded isometric exercises on a Pilates table, foam roller, and Oov (a newly developed tool). Ultrasound investigation measured transversus abdominis, internal oblique abdominis, and external oblique abdominis thickness during each task, comparing muscle thickness between conditions using general linear modeling. Results: Core abdominal activation was greater on the foam roller than the Oov and Pilates table during crook lying (bilateral leg support). Both Oov and foam roller elicited greater contralateral transversus abdominis and internal oblique abdominis thickness than the Pilates table during tabletop and straight leg raises (unilateral leg exercises). For transversus abdominis only, the foam roller elicited more muscle thickness than the Oov during straight leg raises. The Oov was rated more comfortable than the foam roller. Discussion: Exercises performed on the Oov and foam roller elicit core greater abdominal muscle thickness than those performed on a Pilates table. Unilateral leg exercises in a supine position elicit more contralateral muscle thickness than those with bilateral leg support. Conclusions: These results provide information to support choices in exercise progression from flat stable to more unstable surfaces and from those with bilateral foot support to unilateral foot support. The Oov was more comfortable that the foam roller, and this may help with exercise adherence.

Posture effects on timing of abdominal muscle activity during stimulated ventilation

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 1994-2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadashi Abe ◽  
Takumi Yamada ◽  
Tomoyuki Tomita ◽  
Paul A. Easton
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
External Oblique ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Internal Oblique

In humans during stimulated ventilation, substantial abdominal muscle activity extends into the following inspiration as postexpiratory expiratory activity (PEEA) and commences again during late inspiration as preexpiratory expiratory activity (PREA). We hypothesized that the timing of PEEA and PREA would be changed systematically by posture. Fine-wire electrodes were inserted into the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis in nine awake subjects. Airflow, end-tidal CO2, and moving average electromyogram (EMG) signals were recorded during resting and CO2-stimulated ventilation in both supine and standing postures. Phasic expiratory EMG activity (tidal EMG) of the four abdominal muscles at any level of CO2 stimulation was greater while standing. Abdominal muscle activities during inspiration, PEEA, and PREA, were observed with CO2stimulation, both supine and standing. Change in posture had a significant effect on intrabreath timing of expiratory muscle activation at any level of CO2stimulation. The transversus abdominis showed a significant increase in PEEA and a significant decrease in PREA while subjects were standing; similar changes were seen in the internal oblique. We conclude that changes in posture are associated with significant changes in phasic expiratory activity of the four abdominal muscles, with systematic changes in the timing of abdominal muscle activity during early and late inspiration.

scholarly journals Comparison of Lateral Abdominal Muscle Thickness and Cross-Sectional Area of Multifidus in Adults with and without Scoliosis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahid Rahmani
Keyword(s):  
Functional Disability ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Multifidus Muscle ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lumbar Multifidus ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background: Scoliosis is common in students with a prevalence of 1-2% in teenagers and more than 50% in adults ≥ 60 years. The aim was to compare the abdominal and multifidus muscles size in adults with and without scoliosis. Methods: Forty men with and without scoliosis were recruited. The Visual Analogue Scale and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire were used to evaluate the pain intensity and functional disability in the patients’ group, respectively. Subjects were asked to lie down in a supine position with their knees bent to measure abdominal muscles using sonography. The linear transducer was placed vertically on the anterolateral abdominal wall to record images of the abdominal muscles (Transversus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique). To assess the lumbar multifidus muscle size, the curvilinear head was used horizontally on the multifidus muscle at the L5-S1 level in a prone lying position. Results: No significant difference was found between the two groups for demographic variables. A significant difference was found between the healthy subjects and patients with scoliosis for right and left abdominal and multifidus muscles size (p<0.05). No significant difference was reported between the two sides of the convexity and concavity on muscles size in patients with scoliosis (p>0.05). Conclusions: According to the results, patients with scoliosis had smaller abdominal and lumbar multifidus muscles size, but no significant differences were found between the muscle size of the concave and convex sides in the scoliosis group. Future work is needed to support the findings of the current study.

scholarly journals Effect of the Abdominal Draw-In Maneuver and Bracing on Abdominal Muscle Thickness and the Associated Subjective Difficulty in Healthy Individuals

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 496
Author(s):  
Sachiko Madokoro ◽  
Masami Yokogawa ◽  
Hiroichi Miaki
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Oblique Muscle ◽  
Spinal Stability ◽  
Effective Training ◽  
External Oblique ◽  
Orthopedic Diseases ◽  
Internal Oblique ◽  
Made In

We evaluated the trunk abdominal muscle thickness while performing different exercises to identify the most effective training and to investigate the subjective difficulty associated with exercising. Twenty-eight men (mean age: 21.6 ± 0.9 years) without orthopedic diseases were enrolled. Ultrasonic imaging was used to measure the thickness of the transversus abdominis (TA), internal oblique, and external oblique muscles while at rest and while performing the abdominal draw-in maneuver and abdominal bracing. Measurements were made in the supine and sitting positions, and the subjective difficulty in performing each exercise was examined using a 5-level evaluation scale. The TA and internal oblique muscle thicknesses were significantly greater during the abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADIM) than during bracing or resting, in the supine and sitting positions. The subjective difficulty of abdominal bracing (AB) was graded significantly higher than that of ADIM. Additionally, a correlation between subjective difficulty and muscle thickness was found for the TA and IO. Our results may contribute to the choice of more effective exercises for spinal stability.

Abdominal muscle activity during hypercapnia in awake dogs

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 1393-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Leevers ◽  
J. D. Road
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Rectus Abdominis ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Co2 Rebreathing ◽  
External Oblique ◽  
Internal Oblique

We previously found the internal abdominal muscle layer to be preferentially recruited during expiratory threshold loading in anesthetized and awake dogs. Expiratory threshold loading increases end-expiratory lung volume and hence can activate reflex pathways such as tonic vagal reflexes, which could influence abdominal muscle recruitment. Our objectives in the present study were to determine the effects of hypercapnia on abdominal muscle activation and the pattern of recruitment in awake dogs. Five tracheotomized dogs were chronically implanted with sonomicrometer transducers and fine-wire electromyogram (EMG) electrodes in each of the four abdominal muscles: transversus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique, and rectus abdominis. Muscle length changes and EMG activity were studied in the awake dog at rest and during CO2 rebreathing. CO2 rebreathing produced a tripling of tidal volume and activation of the abdominal muscles. Despite the increase in tidal volume, there was no significant change in abdominal muscle end-inspiratory length. Both tonic and phasic expiratory shortening were greater in the internal muscle layer (transversus abdominis and internal oblique) than in the external muscle layer (external oblique and rectus abdominis). We conclude that the internal abdominal muscles are preferentially recruited by hypercapnia and vagal reflexes probably do not contribute to this differential recruitment but that segmental reflexes may be involved. The mechanical consequences of this recruitment are discussed.

Responses of the anterolateral abdominal muscles during cough and expiratory threshold loading in the cat

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 1207-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C. Bolser ◽  
Paul J. Reier ◽  
Paul W. Davenport
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Rectus Abdominis ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Cough Reflex ◽  
Gastric Pressure ◽  
Simultaneous Activation ◽  
External Oblique ◽  
Internal Oblique

The present study was conducted to determine the pattern of activation of the anterolateral abdominal muscles during the cough reflex. Electromyograms (EMGs) of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and parasternal muscles were recorded along with gastric pressure in anesthetized cats. Cough was produced by mechanical stimulation of the lumen of the intrathoracic trachea or larynx. The pattern of EMG activation of these muscles during cough was compared with that during graded expiratory threshold loading (ETL; 1–30 cmH2O). ETL elicited differential recruitment of abdominal muscle EMG activity (transversus abdominis > internal oblique > rectus abdominis ≅ external oblique). In contrast, both laryngeal and tracheobronchial cough resulted in simultaneous activation of all four anterolateral abdominal muscles with peak EMG amplitudes 3- to 10-fold greater than those observed during the largest ETL. Gastric pressures during laryngeal and tracheobronchial cough were at least eightfold greater than those produced by the largest ETL. These results suggest that, unlike their behavior during expiratory loading, the anterolateral abdominal muscles act as a unit during cough.

Effects of posture on abdominal muscle shortening in awake dogs

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1452-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Leevers ◽  
J. D. Road
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Rectus Abdominis ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Shortening ◽  
Lateral Decubitus ◽  
Length Changes ◽  
External Oblique ◽  
Internal Oblique

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of posture on tonic and phasic expiratory activity of the abdominal muscles in awake dogs. Six tracheostomized dogs were chronically instrumented with sonomicrometer transducers and bipolar electromyographic electrodes placed in each of the four abdominal muscles. To determine the effects of posture on tonic and phasic activity of individual abdominal muscles, muscle resting length (Lr) and tidal length changes (%Lr), respectively, were measured in awake dogs in the left lateral decubitus (LLD), sitting, and standing (STAND) positions. The transversus abdominis Lr consistently shortened when the dog was moved from LLD to STAND and lengthened when the dog was moved from LLD to the sitting position, and the external oblique Lr consistently lengthened when the dog went from LLD to STAND. The internal oblique and rectus abdominis had no consistent changes in Lr with a change in position. All four abdominal muscles actively shortened (%Lr) more in the upright positions. In addition, the internal layer (transversus abdominis and internal oblique) actively shortened more than the external layer (rectus abdominis and external oblique). In conclusion, both tonic and phasic respiratory activity of the abdominal muscles, reflected by changes in Lr and %Lr, respectively, were affected by changes in posture.

scholarly journals How Do the Abdominal Muscles Change during Hypopressive Exercise?

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 702
Author(s):  
Iria Da Cuña-Carrera ◽  
Alejandra Alonso-Calvete ◽  
Mercedes Soto-González ◽  
Eva M. Lantarón-Caeiro
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Objective Prior ◽  
External Oblique ◽  
Internal Oblique

Background and objective: Prior studies have reported an activation of abdominal muscles during hypopressive exercises in women with pelvic floor disfunction. However, no previous research analyzed the effects of hypopressive exercise on abdominal muscles in healthy populations to understand the normal biomechanics of this area. The aim of this study was to examine the thickness of abdominal muscles at rest and during hypopressive exercise in supine and standing positions with ultrasound imaging in healthy adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 99 healthy university students. The thickness of the abdominal muscles at rest and during hypopressive exercise was assessed with ultrasound imaging in supine and standing positions. Results: During hypopressive exercise, there was a significant increase in the muscle thickness of transversus abdominis (p < 0.001) and internal oblique (p < 0.001) in supine and standing positions. External oblique only increased its thickness significantly in the standing position (p < 0.001) and rectus abdominis did not change during the hypopressive exercise in any position (p > 0.05). In conclusion, hypopressive exercises seem to increase the thickness of the deepest and most stabilized muscles such as transversus abdominis and internal oblique. Conclusion: These findings should be considered for future interventions with hypopressive exercises in healthy subjects.

Changes in abdominal muscles architecture induced by different types of breathing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Iria Da Cuña-Carrera ◽  
Alejandra Alonso-Calvete ◽  
Yoana González-González ◽  
Mercedes Soto-González
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Rectus Abdominis ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Architectural Characteristics ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Internal Oblique

BACKGROUND: The underlying morphology and behavior of abdominal muscles during breathing are still lacking in knowledge in healthy population. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of three different types of breathing on the architectural characteristics of abdominal muscles. METHODS: Ninety-eight healthy subjects were measured to assess the effects of breathing on the abdominal muscles, subjects performed three different types of breathing and the muscular thickness was measured with ultrasound imaging, analyzing also the differences between sexes. RESULTS: During the three different types of breathing and in comparison with the resting state, an increase of the thickness has been reported in the transversus abdominis (p< 0.001; effect size = 2.44, very large) and internal oblique (p< 0.001; effect size = 1.04, moderate) in both sexes, but with a higher increase in men. External oblique and rectus abdominis increased their thickness through breathing only while the lips were with pursed (p< 0.05) with trivial effect sizes and only differences between sexes were found in rectus abdominis. CONCLUSIONS: All breathings activated the deepest abdominal muscles, but the most superficial were only activated with lips pursed. Moreover, men appeared to activate more the deepest abdominal muscles but also the rectus abdominis. Findings in this study support the use of different types of breathing depending on the muscle to be activated or the sex, helping health care professionals to address their interventions on the abdominal muscles with a more focused approach.

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