The role of lymphoid tissue in the attenuation of the postoperative ileus

Standardized intestinal manipulation (IM) leads to local bowel wall inflammation subsequently spreading over the entire gastrointestinal tract. Previously, we demonstrated that this so-called gastrointestinal field effect (FE) is immune-mediated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of secondary lymphoid organs [mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)] in IM-mediated FE by employing mice with deficient secondary lymphoid organs (aly/aly, MLN ex) or by administration of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (FTY720), an immunomodulating agent that inhibits emigration of lymphocytes out of lymphoid organs. Small bowel muscularis, and colonic muscularis from wild-type mice as control, from aly/aly mice, FTY720-treated mice (daily dose of 1.0 mg/kg mouse ip starting 3 days before surgical procedure), and wild-type mice that had undergone removal of mesenteric lymph nodes before IM (MLN ex mice) were obtained after selective IM of the jejunum or sham operation. FE was analyzed by measuring transit time of orally administered fluorescent dextran in the gastrointestinal tract [geometric center (GC) of fluorescent dextran], colonic transit time, infiltration of myeloperoxidase-positive cells, and circular smooth muscle contractility. Furthermore, mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α] were determined by Taqman-PCR. We observed a significantly reduced upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, MIP-1α) in colonic muscularis of MLN ex mice, aly/aly mice, and FTY720-treated mice compared with wild-type mice. Contractility of circular muscularis strips of the colon but not the jejunum was significantly improved in aly/aly mice and FTY720-treated wild-type mice. Additionally, inflammation of the colon determined by the number of myeloperoxidase-positive cells and colonic transit time were significantly improved in aly/aly mice, FTY720-treated wild-type mice, and in MLN ex mice. In summary, lack of secondary lymphoid organs (MLN + GALT) in aly/aly mice or administration of FTY720 abrogated FE after IM as opposed to wild-type mice. These data demonstrate that secondary lymphoid organs are involved in the propagation of FE and postoperative ileus. FTY720 indirectly affects FE by inhibiting migration of activated T cells from the jejunum and adjacent secondary lymphoid organs to the colon. These findings support the crucial role of the adaptive immune system in FE, most likely by a sphyngosine 1-phosphate-dependent mechanism.

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Association of the prophage BTP1 and the prophage-encoded gene, bstA, with antivirulence of Salmonella Typhimurium ST313

Pathogens and Disease ◽

10.1093/femspd/ftaa019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Malene R Spiegelhauer ◽

Vanesa García ◽

Priscila R Guerra ◽

John E Olsen ◽

Ana Herrero-Fresno

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Reference Strain ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Cellular Infiltration ◽

Wild Type ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Single Strain ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Lineage 2

ABSTRACT The prophage BTP1 is highly conserved among strains of the pathogenic lineage Salmonella Typhimurium ST313. We aimed to analyze the role of BTP1 and the gene bstA(BTP1-encoded) in virulence of S. Typhimurium D23580, the ST313 lineage 2 reference strain. The deletion mutant D23580ΔbstA showed significantly higher replication and survival rates within human-derived THP-1 macrophages than the wild-type (WT) strain, while the mutant isolate ΔBTP1, lacking the full prophage, did not significantly differ from the WT. Interestingly, during mice infection, ΔBTP1 yielded significantly higher counts in all tested organs [spleens, livers and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)] than the WT, and organs were significantly enlarged compared to WT-infected animals. D23580ΔbstA significantly outcompeted the WT during competitive infection of mice, and yielded significantly enlarged spleens and MLN compared to WT-infected animals during single strain infection. Moreover, increased cellular infiltration and focal necrosis were observed in the liver samples of mice infected with D23580ΔbstA and ΔBTP1 compared to WT-infected animals. In conclusion, removal of the gene bstA and the prophage BTP1 in S. Typhimurium D23580 led to increased virulence in mice, demonstrating that bstA is an antivirulence gene.

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Adiponectin deficiency does not affect development and progression of spontaneous colitis in IL-10 knockout mice

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.90593.2008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 296 (2) ◽

pp. G382-G387 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Maria Pini ◽

Melissa E. Gove ◽

Raja Fayad ◽

Robert J. Cabay ◽

Giamila Fantuzzi

Keyword(s):

Colonic Tissue ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Amyloid A ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Circulating Levels ◽

Similar Decrease

The goal of this study was to investigate the role of the adipokine adiponectin (APN) in development of spontaneous colitis in IL-10 knockout (KO) mice. To this aim, we generated double IL-10 APN KO mice and compared their disease development to that of single IL-10 KO mice. Both IL-10 KO and double IL-10 APN KO mice spontaneously developed colitis of comparable severity. No significant differences in inflammatory infiltrate or crypt elongation were observed in colonic tissue obtained from IL-10 KO and double IL-10 APN KO mice at either 12 or 20 wk of age. A comparable increase in circulating levels of serum amyloid A and IFN-γ was observed in IL-10 KO and double IL-10 APN KO mice as disease progressed. In vitro stimulation of lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 induced a significantly higher production of IL-17 and TNF-α in IL-10 KO and double IL-10 APN KO mice compared with their healthy littermates. No significant differences in cytokine production from lymphocytes or colonic mRNA expression of cytokines were observed between IL-10 KO and double IL-10 APN KO mice. Both IL-10 KO and double IL-10 APN KO mice had a similar decrease in body weight and bone mass compared with their respective healthy littermates. Finally, APN deficiency did not lead to development of insulin resistance, either in APN KO or double IL-10 APN KO mice. In conclusion, lack of APN does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of spontaneous colonic inflammation in the IL-10 KO model.

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Interleukin (IL)-33 is dispensable for Schistosoma mansoni worm maturation and the maintenance of egg-induced pathology in intestines of infected mice

10.21203/rs.3.rs-58017/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jean Pierre Kambala Mukendi ◽

Risa Nakamura ◽

Satoshi Uematsu ◽

Shinjiro Hamano

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Wild Type ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Schistosome Infection ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Type 2 Immunity ◽

Transient Impairment ◽

Inflammatory Infiltrates

Abstract Background: Schistosomes are trematode worms that dwell in their definitive host’s blood vessels, where females lay eggs that need to be discharged into the environment with host excreta to maintain their life cycle. Both worms and eggs require type 2 immunity for their maturation and excretion, respectively. However, immune molecules that orchestrate such immunity remain unclear. IL-33 is one of the epithelium-derived cytokines that induce type 2 immunity in tissues. This study aimed at determining its role in the maturation, reproduction, and excretion of S. mansoni eggs, and in the maintenance of egg-induced pathology in the intestines of mice.Methods: Using S. mansoni-infected IL-33-deficient (IL-33-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice, the morphology of worms and the number of eggs in intestinal tissues were studied at different time points of infection. IL-5 and IL-13 production in spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes were measured. Tissue histology was performed on the terminal ilea of infected and non-infected mice.Results: Morphology-wise, worms from IL-33-/- and WT mice at the fourth and sixth weeks of infection did not differ. The number of eggs in intestinal tissues did not differ much between IL-33-/- and WT mice. In the sixth week of infection, IL-33-/- mice presented impaired type 2 immunity in intestines, characterized by decreased production of IL-5 and IL-13 in mesenteric lymph nodes and fewer inflammatory infiltrates with fewer eosinophils in the ilea. Otherwise there was no difference between IL-33-/- and WT mice in the levels of IL-25 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in intestinal tissues.Conclusions: Despite its ability to initiate type 2 immunity in tissues, IL-33 alone seems dispensable for S. mansoni maturation and its absence may not affect much the accumulation of eggs in intestinal tissues. The transient impairment of type 2 immunity observed in the intestines, but not spleens, highlights the importance of IL-33 over IL-25 and TSLP in initiating, but not maintaining, locally-induced type 2 immunity in intestinal tissues during schistosome infection. Further studies are needed to decipher the role of each of them in schistosomiasis and clarify the possible interactions that might exist between them.

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Interleukin (IL)-33 is dispensable for Schistosoma mansoni worm maturation, egg excretion, and the maintenance of egg-induced pathology in intestines of mice

10.21203/rs.3.rs-58017/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jean Pierre Kambala Mukendi ◽

Risa Nakamura ◽

Satoshi Uematsu ◽

Shinjiro Hamano

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Wild Type ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Schistosome Infection ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Type 2 Immunity ◽

Transient Impairment ◽

Inflammatory Infiltrates

Abstract Background: Schistosomes are trematode worms that dwell in their definitive host’s blood vessels, where females lay eggs that need to be eliminated in the environment with host excreta to maintain their life cycle. Both worms and eggs require type 2 immunity for their maturation and excretion, respectively. However, immune molecules that orchestrate such immunity remain unclear. IL-33 is one of the epithelium-derived cytokines that induce type 2 immunity in tissues. This study aimed at determining its role in the maturation, reproduction, and excretion of S. mansoni eggs, and in the maintenance of egg-induced pathology in the intestines of mice.Methods: Using S. mansoni-infected IL-33-deficient (IL-33-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice, worm morphology, reproduction, and egg excretion were studied at different time points of infection. IL-5 and IL-13 production in spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes were measured. Tissue histology was performed on the terminal ilea of non- and infected mice.Results: Morphology-wise, worms from IL-33-/- and WT mice at the fourth and sixth weeks of infection did not differ. The worms' reproduction, expressed as eggs per worm pair, as well as the excretion of eggs, expressed as the number of eggs in intestinal tissues, did not differ between IL-33-/- and WT mice. In the sixth week of infection, IL-33-/- mice presented impaired type 2 immunity in intestines, characterized by decreased production of IL-5 and IL-13 in mesenteric lymph nodes and fewer inflammatory infiltrates with fewer eosinophils in the ilea. Besides, there was no difference between IL-33-/- and WT mice in the levels of IL-25 and TSLP in intestinal tissues.Conclusions: Despite its ability to initiate type 2 immunity in tissues, IL-33 alone seems dispensable for S. mansoni maturation, reproduction, and egg excretion. The transient impairment of type 2 immunity observed in the intestines, but not spleens, highlights the importance of IL-33 over IL-25 and TSLP in initiating, but not maintaining, locally induced type 2 immunity in intestinal tissues in schistosome infection. Further studies are needed to decipher the role of each of them in schistosomiasis and clarify the possible interactions that might exist between them.

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Combination-Feeding Causes Differences in Aspects of Systemic and Mucosal Immune Cell Phenotypes and Functions Compared to Exclusive Sow-Rearing or Formula-Feeding in Piglets

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13041097 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1097

Author(s):

Emily C. Radlowski ◽

Mei Wang ◽

Marcia H. Monaco ◽

Sarah S. Comstock ◽

Sharon M. Donovan

Keyword(s):

Immune Cell ◽

Arginase Activity ◽

T Helper ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Immune Development ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Activation Pathways ◽

Cell Phenotypes ◽

Oxide Synthase

Combination feeding (human milk and formula) is common and influences immune development compared to exclusive breastfeeding. Infant formulas contain prebiotics, which influence immune development. Herein, immune development of combination-fed (CF), sow-reared (SR) and formula-fed (FF) piglets, and the effect of prebiotics was tested. Piglets (n = 47) were randomized to: SR, FF, CF, FF+prebiotic (FP), and CF+prebiotic (CP). FP and CP received formula with galactooligosaccharides and inulin (4 g/L in a 4:1 ratio). CF and CP piglets were sow-reared for until d5 and then rotated between a sow and formula every 12 h. On day 21, piglets received an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide 2 h prior to necropsy. Immune cells from blood, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), and spleen were phenotyped. Classical (nitric oxide synthase) and alternative (arginase activity) activation pathways were measured in isolated macrophages. Serum IL-6 and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. SR piglets had lower (p < 0.0001) CD4+ T-helper cells and higher (p < 0.0001) B-cells in PBMC than all other groups. CP piglets had higher (p < 0.0001) arginase activity compared to all other groups. FF piglets had higher (p < 0.05) IL-6 compared to both CF and SR, but were similar to FP and CP. Thus, CF, with or without prebiotics, differentially affected immunity compared to exclusively fed groups.

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Role of ChemR23 in directing the migration of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells to lymphoid organs and inflamed skin

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.20041310 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 201 (4) ◽

pp. 509-515 ◽

Cited By ~ 187

Author(s):

William Vermi ◽

Elena Riboldi ◽

Valerie Wittamer ◽

Francesca Gentili ◽

Walter Luini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dendritic Cells ◽

Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Normal Skin ◽

Cell Monolayer ◽

Lymphoid Organs ◽

High Endothelial Venules ◽

Luminal Side ◽

Plasmacytoid Dcs ◽

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Chemerin is a chemotactic agent that was recently identified as the ligand of ChemR23, a serpentine receptor expressed by activated macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). This paper shows that blood plasmacytoid and myeloid DCs express functional ChemR23. Recombinant chemerin induced the transmigration of plasmacytoid and myeloid DCs across an endothelial cell monolayer. In secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and tonsils), ChemR23 is expressed by CD123+ plasmacytoid DCs and by CD1a+ DC-SIGN+ DCs in the interfollicular T cell area. ChemR23+ DCs were also observed in dermis from normal skin, whereas Langerhans cells were negative. Chemerin expression was selectively detected on the luminal side of high endothelial venules in secondary lymphoid organs and in dermal endothelial vessels of lupus erythematosus skin lesions. Chemerin+ endothelial cells were surrounded by ChemR23+ plasmacytoid DCs. Thus, ChemR23 is expressed and functional in plasmacytoid DCs, a property shared only by CXCR4 among chemotactic receptors. This finding, together with the selective expression of the cognate ligand on the luminal side of high endothelial venules and inflamed endothelium, suggests a key role of the ChemR23/chemerin axis in directing plasmacytoid DC trafficking.

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Immunomodulatory role of thyroid hormones: in vivo effect of thyroid hormones on the blastogenic response of lymphoid tissues

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.1030095 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 103 (1) ◽

pp. 95-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Sadhana Chatterjee ◽

Amar Singh Chandel

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Pokeweed Mitogen ◽

Lymphoid Tissues ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Hormone Administration ◽

Blastogenic Response ◽

Significant Depression

Abstract. In an attempt to find out the mechanism of immunomodulation by thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), their in vivo effect on the blastogenic response of lymphocytes from various lymphoid tissues of hormonetreated and thyroidectomized rats were studied. The blastogenic response of lymphocytes from thymus, peripheral blood and mesenteric lymph nodes to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was found to be increased significantly following T3 or T4 administration for 15 days or 30 days. However, the response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) increased only after 1 month of T3 or T4 administration. The blastogenic response of spleen cells to both PHA and PWM was, on the other hand, found to be depressed following 15 days of hormone administration. Thyroidectomy invariably induced significant depression in the blastogenic response to both PHA and PWM in lymphocytes of all the lymphoid tissues. Thyroid hormone (T3) administration was found to restore the blastogenic response of the lymphocytes of thyroidectomized animals.

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Salmonella spp. in Healthy Swine and in Abattoir Environments in Brazil

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-60.9.1029 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 60 (9) ◽

pp. 1029-1033 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

NORMA S. LÁZARO ◽

ANITA TIBANA ◽

ERNESTO HOFER

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Environmental Samples ◽

The Other ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Hygienic Measures ◽

And Storage ◽

Tank Water

Tonsils and inguinal, mesenteric, and prescapular lymph node samples collected from 115 swine carcasses from two abattoirs and a family-run operation in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were cultured for the presence of Salmonella species. Salmonella spp. were detected in 40 (34.8%) of the swine samples with the following distribution; tonsils (31/40, 77.5%), mesenteric lymph nodes (16/40, 40.0%), inguinal lymph nodes, (9/40, 22.5%), and prescapular lymph nodes (7/40, 17.5%), Scalding tank water and environmental swabs collected from the abattoirs were also analyzed. Salmonella spp. were recovered from 13 of 51 (22.5%) of the environmental samples from one of the two abattoirs, none from those from the other abattoir. Salmonella spp. were recovered from the evisceration tables (5/11, 45.5%), the killing room (3/10, 30.0%), the holding pen (2/10, 20.0%), the butchering saw (2/10, 20.0%), and the scalding tank (1/10, 10.0%). The most frequently detected serovar was Salmonella Muenster. The results show the necessity of adopting more effective hygienic measures in the abattoirs as well as in the areas where swine are raised in order to reduce the role of abattoirs and storage facilities in the spread of Salmonella contamination.

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