scholarly journals Prophylactic and therapeutic benefits of COX-2 inhibitor on motility dysfunction in bowel obstruction: roles of PGE2 and EP receptors

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (2) ◽  
pp. G267-G275 ◽  
Author(s):  
You-Min Lin ◽  
Sushil K. Sarna ◽  
Xuan-Zheng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Bowel Obstruction ◽  
Colonic Obstruction ◽  
Colonic Transit ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Muscle Contractility ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contractility ◽  
Control Tissue ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Cox 2

We reported previously that mechanical stretch in rat colonic obstruction induces cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in smooth muscle cells. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether in vivo treatment with COX-2 inhibitor has prophylactic and therapeutic effects on motility dysfunction in colon obstruction, and if so what are the underlying mechanisms. Partial colon obstruction was induced with a silicon band in the distal colon of 6–8-wk-old Sprague-Dawley rats; obstruction was maintained for 3 days or 7 days. Daily administration of COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 (5 mg/kg) or vehicle was started before or after the induction of obstruction to study its prophylactic and therapeutic effects, respectively. The smooth muscle contractility was significantly suppressed, and colonic transit rate was slower in colonic obstruction. Prophylactic treatment with NS-398 significantly prevented the impairments of colonic transit and smooth muscle contractility and attenuated fecal collection in the occluded colons. When NS-398 was administered therapeutically 3 days after the initiation of obstruction, the muscle contractility and colonic transit still improved on day 7. Obstruction led to marked increase of COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis. Exogenous PGE2 decreased colonic smooth muscle contractility. All four PGE2 E-prostanoid receptor types (EP1 to EP4) were detected in rat colonic muscularis externa. Treatments with EP1 and EP3 antagonists suppressed muscle contractility in control tissue but did not improve contractility in obstruction tissue. On the contrary, the EP2 and EP4 antagonists did not affect control tissue but significantly restored muscle contractility in obstruction. We concluded that our study shows that COX-2 inhibitor has prophylactic and therapeutic benefits for motility dysfunction in bowel obstruction. PGE2 and its receptors EP2 and EP4 are involved in the motility dysfunction in obstruction, whereas EP1 and EP3 mediate PGE2 regulation of colonic smooth muscle contractile function in normal state.

scholarly journals The pathophysiological roles of COX-1 and COX-2 in the intestinal smooth muscle contractility under the anaphylactic condition

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroko KADOWAKI ◽  
Takeshi YAMAMOTO ◽  
Natsuko KAGEYAMA-YAHARA ◽  
Nobuo KUROKAWA ◽  
Makoto KADOWAKI
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Intestinal Smooth Muscle ◽  
Muscle Contractility ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contractility ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Cox 1

scholarly journals Pathophysiology of motility dysfunction in bowel obstruction: role of stretch-induced COX-2

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (1) ◽  
pp. G99-G108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan-Zheng Shi ◽  
You-Min Lin ◽  
Don W. Powell ◽  
Sushil K. Sarna
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Bowel Obstruction ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Mechanical Stretch ◽  
Muscle Contractility ◽  
Idiopathic Megacolon ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Deficient Mice

In gastrointestinal conditions such as bowel obstruction, pseudo-obstruction, and idiopathic megacolon, the lumen of affected bowel segments is distended and its motility function impaired. Our hypothesis is that mechanical stretch of the distended segments alters gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which impairs motility function. Partial obstruction was induced with a silicon band in the distal colon of rats for up to 7 days, and wild-type and COX-2 gene-deficient mice for 4 days. Mechanical stretch was mimicked in vitro in colonic circular muscle strips and in primary culture of colonic circular smooth muscle cells (SMC) with a Flexercell system. The rat colonic circular muscle contractility was significantly decreased in the distended segment oral to obstruction, but not in the aboral segment. This change started as early as day 1 and persisted for at least 7 days after obstruction. The expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein increased dramatically also in the oral, but not aboral, segment. The upregulation of COX-2 expression started at 12 h and the effect persisted for 7 days. At 24 h after obstruction, the COX-2 mRNA level in the oral segment increased 26-fold compared with controls. This was not accompanied by any significant increase of myeloperoxidase or inflammatory cytokines. Immunohistochemical studies showed that COX-2 was selectively induced in the colonic SMC. In vitro stretch of colonic muscle strips or cultured SMC drastically induced COX-2 expression. Incubation of circular muscle strips from obstructed segment with COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 restored the contractility. The impairment of muscle contractility in obstructed colon was attenuated in the COX-2 gene-deficient mice. In conclusion, mechanical stretch in obstruction induces marked expression of COX-2 in the colonic SMC, and stretch-induced COX-2 plays a critical role in the suppression of smooth muscle contractility in bowel obstruction.

scholarly journals Complementary vasoactivity and matrix remodelling in arterial adaptations to altered flow and pressure

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (32) ◽  
pp. 293-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Valentín ◽  
L Cardamone ◽  
S Baek ◽  
J.D Humphrey
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Continuum Theory ◽  
Muscle Contractility ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contractility ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Biomechanical Loading ◽  
Smooth Muscle Proliferation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Diverse Data ◽  
Induced Changes

Arteries exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt to sustained alterations in biomechanical loading, probably via mechanisms that are similarly involved in many arterial pathologies and responses to treatment. Of particular note, diverse data suggest that cell and matrix turnover within vasoaltered states enables arteries to adapt to sustained changes in blood flow and pressure. The goal herein is to show explicitly how altered smooth muscle contractility and matrix growth and remodelling work together to adapt the geometry, structure, stiffness and function of a representative basilar artery. Towards this end, we employ a continuum theory of constrained mixtures to model evolving changes in the wall, which depend on both wall shear stress-induced changes in vasoactive molecules (which alter smooth muscle proliferation and synthesis of matrix) and intramural stress-induced changes in growth factors (which alter cell and matrix turnover). Simulations show, for example, that such considerations help explain the different rates of experimentally observed adaptations to increased versus decreased flows as well as differences in rates of change in response to increased flows or pressures.

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