Body glucose as fuel for thermogenesis in the white rat exposed to cold

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (6) ◽  
pp. 1051-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florent Depocas ◽  
Roberto Masironi
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Warm Environment ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Liver Glycogen Content ◽  
Carbohydrate Catabolism

Various parameters of glucose metabolism were measured with C14-glucose in unanesthetized warm- and cold-acclimated rats at 30° and 6°C. Exposure of warm-acclimated rats to cold was associated with a decrease in turnover time of plasma glucose, no change in glucose pool size and space, an increase in rates of turnover and oxidation of body glucose, an increase in the ratio of the oxidation rate to the turnover rate, no change in percentage of respiratory CO2 derived from glucose oxidation, and a decrease in liver glycogen content. Approximately reversed changes were observed in cold-acclimated rats transferred from a cold to a warm environment except in the values of turnover time of plasma glucose and terminal liver glycogen content which underwent smaller changes. It is concluded that cold-induced thermogenesis in white rats, whether acclimated to warm or cold environments, is associated with an increase in carbohydrate catabolism proportionate to the increase in energy metabolism.

31 ALTERED HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS RESPONSE IN WEANED CLONED CALVES

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Green ◽  
M. C. Berg ◽  
R. S. F. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Liver Glycogen Content ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Physiological Stressors

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) is associated with an increased incidence of abnormal placental and fetal development. Postnatal survival of NT offspring to weaning and even into adult life is lower when compared to contemporary offspring produced by artificial insemination (AI). Neonatal NT calves are hypoglycemic and lethargic initially but show increased frequency of feeding later on. These and other symptoms suggest that NT animals have impaired homeostatic mechanisms. Despite this, NTs that survive beyond weaning appear normal, but underlying health problems can become apparent when NTs are subjected to physiological stressors. The health and physiology of predominantly (75%) Jersey NT bull calves (n = 9), derived from a fetal myogenic cell line, and control Jersey AI bull calves (n = 5) were investigated. At 6 months of age, animals were subjected to a series of physiological intravenous hormonal challenges to test the responses of individual organs. Pancreatic insulin secretion response was assessed via a glucose tolerance test (GTT) and direct adrenal resistance via ACTH administration. The response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was assessed via a glucagon challenge. Except for glucagon, the doses given were adjusted for body weight at the time of challenge and all animals were fasted overnight. Plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, and cortisol concentrations were measured using commercial assays. All animals were euthanized at approximately 7 months of age and a full postmortem (PM) was undertaken. Calf and organ weights were recorded. Liver glycogen content was also determined. Parameters and challenge data were analyzed by one-way or as repeated measures ANOVA. NT and AI calves appeared healthy at the time of the physiological challenges, and at PM, no major gross or histological organ abnormalities were recorded. There were no differences in the relative mean liver and adrenal weights between NT and AI. Basal plasma glucose concentrations were similar between NT and AI controls but the post-fasting decrease in glucose concentration was greater (P < 0.05) in controls than in NTs. There was no difference in response between the groups to the GTT. The NTs showed a slower response to ACTH than did AI controls. Glucose and insulin secretion were significantly higher (P < 0.05) whereas initial cortisol release was significantly lower (P < 0.05) after glucagon administration. Plasma glucagon levels and liver glycogen content did not differ between NT and controls. The current study indicates that surviving NT calves appear healthy, but when physiologically challenged, demonstrate reduced adrenal sensitivity and altered HPA axis response. These response deviations are indicative of underlying physiological differences and could explain the increased susceptibility of NT animals to physiological stressors. Ultimately, the cloning procedures may affect the long-term health of cloned offspring.

Cortisol-induced changes in plasma glucose, protein, and thyroid hormone levels, and liver glycogen content of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum)

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 2746-2750 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Vijayan ◽  
J. F. Leatherland
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Liver Glycogen Content ◽  
Cortisol Levels

Coho salmon given intraperitoneal implants of hydrogenated coconut oil alone or coconut oil containing cortisol at 1, 5, or 10 mg/fish exhibited dose-related increases in plasma cortisol levels at day 15. After 30 days, plasma cortisol levels were significantly higher in the cortisol-implanted groups but there was no dose-related response. Plasma T3 levels were lowered in cortisol-treated fish, but plasma T4 levels were not consistently affected. Plasma glucose levels were significantly higher in the group treated with cortisol at 10 mg/fish than in the controls on both sampling days, whereas liver glycogen content and hepatosomatic index were significantly lower in the cortisol-treated groups at day 30 but not at day 15. Plasma protein levels were not significantly different between treatments at either sampling time. The splenosomatic indices were not significantly different in the three treatment groups at day 15, but at day 30 the values in the 5 and 10 mg/fish cortisol-treated groups were significantly higher than in the controls.

Hypothalamic HSP10 Impacts Mitochondrial Dynamics, Insulin Signaling, and Liver Glycogen Content

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1801-P
Author(s):  
KRISTINA WARDELMANN ◽  
JOSÉ PEDRO CASTRO ◽  
MICHAELA RATH ◽  
JÜRGEN WEIß ◽  
ANNETTE SCHUERMANN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Liver Glycogen Content

BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOCKEYE SALMON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATION: XII. LIVER GLYCOGEN

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 553-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violet M. Chang ◽  
D. R. Idler
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Liver Glycogen Content ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
River Migration

Liver glycogen levels were determined for a pure stock of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) taken at three locations during spawning migration. The liver glycogen content of the male was found to be consistently greater than that of the female throughout the entire river migration. In both sexes liver glycogen decreased during the earlier phase of migration, but increased during the later stage so that the levels at the spawning grounds were approximately twice those at the mouth of the river. The changes which occur are discussed in relation to sex differences, energy expenditures, and plasma steroid hormone levels.

Liver glycogen-induced enhancements in hypoglycemic counterregulation require neuroglucopenia.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shana O Warner ◽  
Abby M Wadian ◽  
Marta S. Smith ◽  
Ben Farmer ◽  
Yufei Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Saline Infusion ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Liver Glycogen Content ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Arterial Plasma ◽  
The Brain

Iatrogenic hypoglycemia is a prominent barrier to achieving optimal glycemic control in patients with diabetes, in part due to dampened counterregulatory hormone responses. It has been demonstrated that elevated liver glycogen content can enhance these hormonal responses through signaling to the brain via afferent nerves, but the role that hypoglycemia in the brain plays in this liver glycogen effect remains unclear. During the first 4hrs of each study, the liver glycogen content of dogs was increased by using an intraportal infusion of fructose to stimulate hepatic glucose uptake (HG; n=13), or glycogen was maintained near fasting levels with a saline infusion (NG; n=6). After a 2hr control period, during which the fructose/saline infusion was discontinued, insulin was infused intravenously for an additional 2hrs to bring about systemic hypoglycemia in all animals, whereas brain euglycemia was maintained in a subset of the HG group by infusing glucose bilaterally into the carotid and vertebral arteries (HG-HeadEu; n=7). Liver glycogen content was markedly elevated in the two HG groups (43±4, 73±3 and 75±7 mg/g in NG, HG and HG-HeadEu, respectively). During the hypoglycemic period, arterial plasma glucose levels were indistinguishable between groups (53±2, 52±1 and 51±1 mg/dL, respectively), but jugular vein glucose levels were kept euglycemic (88±5 mg/dL) only in the HG-HeadEu group. Glucagon and epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia were higher in HG compared to NG, whereas despite the increase in liver glycogen, neither increased above basal in HG-HeadEu. These data demonstrate that the enhanced counterregulatory hormone secretion that accompanies increased liver glycogen content requires hypoglycemia in the brain.

Influence de la thiourée sur la charge en glycogéne du foie de l'embryon de poulet

Development ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-384
Author(s):  
Nicole Daugéras
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Antithyroid Drug ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
Glycogen Level ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Liver Glycogen Content ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Embryo Liver

Influence of thiourea on the glycogen content of the liver of the chick embryo In the developing chick embryo, liver glycogen appears on the sixth day of incubation. The glycogen content increases from the sixth day, but decreases on the twelfth day before increasing again. This decrease on day 12 might be related to the onset of thyroid activity, which would be responsible for an increased rate of utilization of the substrates. An antithyroid drug, thiourea, has been injected on day 6·0. The liver glycogen concentration of the thiourea-treated chick embryos was determined from the tenth to the fifteenth days and compared with that of the control embryos. (i) On days 11 and 12 the liver glycogen concentration of the injected embryos is higher than that of the controls. (ii) On day 13 the liver glycogen level of treated embryos decreases; this decrease might be correlated with possible functional activity of the thyroid glands if their biosynthesis is no longer inhibited by the thiourea injection or with thyroid hormones possibly coming from the yolk. (iii) On days 14 and 15 no difference is observed between the liver glycogen content of the thiourea-treated embryos and that of the controls.

Adrenodemedullation affects endurance but not hepatic fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (4) ◽  
pp. R572-R577 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Yang ◽  
R. L. Hammer ◽  
T. L. Sellers ◽  
J. Arogyasami ◽  
D. T. Carrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Depletion ◽  
Epinephrine Infusion ◽  
Liver Glycogen Content

Sham-operated (SHAM) and saline (ADM-S)- or epinephrine (ADM-E)-infused adrenodemedullated rats were run on a treadmill (21 m/min, 15% grade) for 80 min or until exhaustion. ADM-S rats had significantly lower endurance run times (116 +/- 6 min) than ADM-E rats (136 +/- 8 min) and SHAM rats (150 +/- 6 min). Liver glycogen content dropped from 56 +/- 4 to 10 +/- 2 mg/g in SHAM and from 54 +/- 4 to 18 +/- 5 mg/g in ADM-S and to 20 +/- 8 mg/g in ADM-E rats at 80 min. Liver glycogen was depleted in all rats at exhaustion. Liver fructose 2,6-bisphosphate was decreased markedly in exercising rats, and the extent of decrease was not influenced by adrenodemedullation or by epinephrine infusion. ADM-S rats showed impaired glycogen depletion in the white vastus lateralis and soleus muscles, hypoglycemia, and low blood lactate at 80 min and at exhaustion. Infusion of epinephrine into ADM rats reversed these deficiencies. These data indicate that the adrenal medulla is unessential for normal endurance exercise as long as liver glycogen is available. After liver glycogen is depleted, epinephrine from the adrenal medulla prevents hypoglycemia and is essential for allowing continuation of exercise.

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