Information content of data with respect to models

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (5) ◽  
pp. R620-R623
Author(s):  
M. Berman ◽  
P. Van Eerdewegh
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Collection Strategies

A measure is proposed for the information content of data with respect to models. A model, defined by a set of parameter values in a mathematical framework, is considered a point in a hyperspace. The proposed measure expresses the information content of experimental data as the contribution they make, in units of information bits, in defining a model to within a desired region of the hyperspace. This measure is then normalized to conventional statistical measures of uncertainty. It is shown how the measure can be used to estimate the information of newly planned experiments and help in decisions on data collection strategies.

scholarly journals Data-collection strategies

1999 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1703-1717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Dauter
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Optimal Strategy ◽  
Reciprocal Lattice ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Collection Strategies

The optimal strategy for collecting X-ray diffraction data from macromolecular crystals is discussed. Two kinds of factors influencing the completeness of data are considered. The first are geometric, arising from the symmetry of the reciprocal lattice and from the experimental setup; they affect quantitatively the completeness of the measured set of reflections. The second concern the quality, or information content, of the recorded intensities of these measured reflections.

Microemulsion Phase Behavior Observations, Thermodynamic Essentials, Mathematical Simulation

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (06) ◽  
pp. 747-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl E. Bennett ◽  
Craig H.K. Phelps ◽  
H. Ted Davis ◽  
L.E. Scriven
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate ◽  
Phase Volume ◽  
Displacement Efficiency ◽  
Alkyl Aryl ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Tie Lines

Abstract The phase behavior of microemulsions of brine, hydrocarbon, alcohol, and a pure alkyl aryl sulfonate-sodium 4-(1-heptylnonyl) benzenesulfonate (SHBS or Texas 1) was investigated as a function of the concentration of salt (NaCl, MgCl2, or CaCl2), the hydrocarbon (n-alkanes, octane to hexadecane), the alcohol (butyl and amyl isomers), the concentration of surfactant, and temperature. The phase behavior mimics that of similar systems with the commercial surfactant Witco TRS 10–80. The phase volumes follow published trends, though with exceptions.A mathematical framework is presented for modeling phase behavior in a manner consistent with the thermodynamically required critical tie lines and plait point progressions from the critical endpoints. Hand's scheme for modeling binodals and Pope and Nelson's approach to modeling the evolution of the surfactant-rich third phase are extended to satisfy these requirements.An examination of model-generated progressions of ternary phase diagrams enhances understanding of the experimental data and reveals correlations of relative phase volumes (volume uptakes) with location of the mixing point (overall composition) relative to the height of the three-phase region and the locations of the critical tie lines (critical endpoints and conjugate phases). The correlations account, on thermodynamic grounds, for cases in which the surfactant is present in more than one phase or the phase volumes change discontinuously, both cases being observed in the experimental study. Introduction The phase behavior of a surfactant-based micellar formulation is one of the major factors governing the displacement efficiency of any chemical flooding process employing that formulation. Knowledge of phase behavior is, thus, important for the interpretation of laboratory core floods, the design of flooding processes, and the evaluation of field tests. Phase behavior is connected intimately with other determinants of the flooding process, such as interfacial tension and viscosity. Since the number of equilibrium phases and their volumes and appearances are easier to measure and observe than phase compositions, viscosities, and interfacial tensions, there is great interest in understanding the phase-volume/phase-property relationships. Commercial surfactants, such as Witco TRS 10-80, are sulfonates of crude or partially refined oil. While they seem to be the most economically practicable surfactants for micellar flooding, their behavior, particularly with crude oils and reservoir brines, can be difficult to interpret, the phases varying with time and from batch to batch. Phase behavior studies with a small number of components, in conjunction with a theoretical understanding of phase behavior progressions, can aid in understanding more complex behavior. In particular, one can begin to appreciate which seemingly abnormal experimental observations (e.g., surfactant present in more than one phase or a discontinuity in phase volume trends) are merely features of certain regions of any phase diagram and which are peculiar to the specific crude oil or commercial surfactant used in the study.We report here experimental studies of the phase behavior of microemulsions of a pure sulfonate surfactant (Texas 1), a single normal alkane hydrocarbon, a simple brine, and a small amount of a suitable alcohol as cosurfactant or cosolvent. The controlled variables are hydrocarbon chain length, alcohol, salinity, salt type (NaCl, MgCl2, or CaCl2), surfactant purity, surfactant concentration, and temperature. Many of these experimental data were presented earlier. SPEJ P. 747^

The Establishment of a Dominant Interpretive Framework in Language Intervention

1997 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack S. Damico ◽  
Sandra K. Damico
Keyword(s):  
School Culture ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Language Intervention ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Therapeutic Discourse ◽  
Therapeutic Encounter ◽  
Collection Strategies ◽  
Patterns Of Interaction ◽  
Interpretive Framework ◽  
The Way

One aspect of therapeutic discourse that has not been fully investigated in language intervention is the way that interactional dominance is established and maintained within the therapeutic encounter. Using various data collection strategies, therapeutic discourse from 10 language intervention sessions was collected and analyzed. By employing an analytic device known as the "dominant interpretive framework," the interactional styles and strategies of two speech-language pathologists were investigated. Data revealed several systematic patterns of interaction that constrained the ranges of interaction between the clinician and the client. Several implications regarding client empowerment, mediation, and assimilation into the school culture are discussed.

scholarly journals CO2 Induced Foaming Behavior of Polystyrene near the Glass Transition

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Salah Al-Enezi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Glass Transition ◽  
Dissolved Gas ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
Foaming Behavior ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Model C ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Good Agreement

This paper examines the effect of high-pressure carbon dioxide on the foaming process in polystyrene near the glass transition temperature and the foaming was studied using cylindrical high-pressure view cell with two optical windows. This technique has potential applications in the shape foaming of polymers at lower temperatures, dye impregnation, and the foaming of polystyrene. Three sets of experiments were carried out at operating temperatures of 50, 70, and 100°C, each over a range of pressures from 24 to 120 bar. Foaming was not observed when the polymer was initially at conditions below Tg but was observed above Tg. The nucleation appeared to occur randomly leading to subsequent bubble growth from these sites, with maximum radius of 0.02–0.83 mm. Three models were applied on the foaming experimental data. Variable diffusivity and viscosity model (Model C) was applied to assess the experimental data with the WLF equation. The model shows very good agreement by using realistic parameter values. The expansion occurs by diffusion of a dissolved gas from the supersaturated polymer envelope into the bubble.

Promoting community engagement in a pre-registration nursing programme: a qualitative study of student experiences

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (20) ◽  
pp. 1190-1197
Author(s):  
Pam Hodge ◽  
Nora Cooper ◽  
Brian P Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Community Engagement ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Student Nurses ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Student Experiences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Collection Strategies

Aims: To offer child health student nurses a broader learning experience in practice with an autonomous choice of a volunteer placement area. To reflect the changing nature of health care and the move of care closer to home in the placement experience. To evaluate participants' experiences. Design: This study used descriptive and interpretative methods of qualitative data collection. This successive cross-sectional data collection ran from 2017 to 2020. All data were thematically analysed using Braun and Clarke's model. Methods: Data collection strategies included two focus groups (n=14) and written reflections (n=19). Results: Students identified their increased confidence, development as a professional, wider learning and community engagement. They also appreciated the relief from formal assessment of practice and the chance to focus on the experience. Conclusion: Students positively evaluated this experience, reporting a wider understanding of health and wellbeing in the community. Consideration needs to be given to risk assessments in the areas students undertake the placements and the embedding of the experience into the overall curriculum.

Statistical Design of Fatigue Experiments

1952 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-113
Author(s):  
Waloddi Weibull
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Statistical Design ◽  
Testing Time ◽  
Optimum Distribution ◽  
Analytical Expression ◽  
Optimum Choice ◽  
Stress Levels ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Applied Stresses

Abstract An analytical expression connecting fatigue lives with applied stresses, and methods for computing the values of its parameters from experimental data are given. Formulas for estimating the uncertainty of computed parameter values, caused by scatter of loads and fatigue lives, for optimum distribution of specimens, and for optimum choice of stress levels, are deduced. Testing time and costs may be reduced by more than 40 per cent by using the formulas.

Experimental Data Collection for Numerical Model Verification for Wood Stove

2019 ◽  
pp. 381-389
Author(s):  
Marcin Wikło ◽  
Przemysław Motyl ◽  
Krzysztof Olejarczyk ◽  
Krzysztof Kołodziejczyk ◽  
Rafał Kalbarczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Model Verification ◽  
Wood Stove ◽  
Experimental Data Collection

Success and failure: a case study of two rural telemedicine projects

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Whitten ◽  
Inez Adams
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Health Organizations ◽  
Telemedicine Application ◽  
Clinical Utilization ◽  
Steady Growth ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
One Year ◽  
Collection Strategies

We studied two rural telemedicine projects in the state of Michigan: one that enjoyed success and steady growth in activity, and one that experienced frustration and a lack of clinical utilization. Multiple data collection strategies were employed during study periods, which lasted approximately one year. Both projects enjoyed a grassroots approach and had dedicated project coordinators. However, the more successful project benefited from resources and expertise not available to the less successful project. In addition, the more successful project possessed a more formalized organizational structure for the telemedicine application. A comparison of the two projects leads to a simple conclusion. Telemedicine programmes are positioned within larger health organizations and do not operate in a vacuum. It is crucial that the organization in which it is intended to launch telemedicine is examined carefully first. Each organization operates within a larger environment, which is often constrained by fiscal, geographical and personnel factors. All these will affect the introduction of telemedicine.

ADaCS: A Tool for Analysing Data Collection Strategies

2017 ◽  
pp. 230-245
Author(s):  
John C. Mace ◽  
Nipun Thekkummal ◽  
Charles Morisset ◽  
Aad Van Moorsel
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Collection Strategies

Experimental Data Collection

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-46
Author(s):  
Chris O. Andrew ◽  
Peter E. Hildebrand
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Experimental Data Collection
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