In vitro production (IVP) of porcine embryos is currently suboptimal compared with IVP in species such as mice and cattle. In vitro fertilization (IVF) usually involves the co-culture of oocytes and spermatozoa in a medium droplet. Oocyte quality is the focus of many studies. In vivo, the quality of spermatozoa is as important as the oocyte, and females have many mechanisms to select the highest quality spermatozoa for their oocytes. Oviductal proteins have been shown to affect sperm motility of subpopulations within an ejaculate. The present study was carried out to investigate normal and polyspermic fertilization rates of spermatozoa exposed to oviductal epithelial apical plasma membrane (APM) proteins, a mixture of peripheral proteins extracted by 1 M NaCl from isolated oviductal apical plasma membranes, prior to co-culture with oocytes in IVF. Porcine oocytes were aspirated from ovaries and grade I quality oocytes (cumulus–oocyte complexes with a spherical shape, visible nucleus, even-density cytoplasm, and multiple layers of cumulus cells) were selected and matured for 48 h in TCM-199 supplemented with LH (0.5 �g mL-1), FSH (0.5 �g mL-1), and EGF (10 ng mL-1). Ejaculates were washed through a Percoll gradient to obtain a concentrated pellet. Spermatozoa were diluted in capacitation–fertilization medium in the presence or absence of APM proteins (100 �g mL-1), incubated for 10 min, and then co-cultured with oocytes for 6 h in modified Tween medium B with milk powder medium (Abeydeera and Day 1997 Theriogenology 48, 537–544) supplemented with BSA (0.4%) and sodium bicarbonate (5 mM). Presumptive zygotes were cultured in NCSU23 medium for a further 48 h. The oocytes/zygotes were then fixed and stained with propidium iodide for evaluation by confocal microscopy for fertilization and cleavage (n = 1235 oocytes). Fertilization rates were compared between treatments in a chi-squared test using the Mantel-Haenszel approach. The overall fertilization rate was significantly higher (78 vs. 86%) when spermatozoa were incubated in the presence of APM proteins (P < 0.05), and in the group of fertilized oocytes, polyspermic fertilization (47 vs. 21%) was significantly reduced when spermatozoa were exposed to APM proteins (P < 0.01). However, cleavage rates were not different. These results suggest that exposure of spermatozoa to APM proteins prior to IVF increases the fertilization rate and decreases the incidence of polyspermic penetration.
Membrane differentiation markers of airway epithelial secretory cells.
