A forgotten chapter in the history of the renal circulation: the Josep Trueta and Homer Smith intellectual conflict

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (2) ◽  
pp. F90-F97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray Epstein ◽  
Garabed Eknoyan
Keyword(s):  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Renal Circulation ◽  
Renal Vasculature ◽  
Experienced Radiologist ◽  
Clearance Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Renal Flow ◽  
Cortical Ischemia ◽  
Arterial Constriction

This article reviews the pioneering and visionary contributions of the Catalan surgeon Josep Trueta (1897–1977) to the changes in renal circulation that contribute to the pathogenesis of acute renal failure (ARF). An erudite scientist with eclectic interests in physiology, orthopedics, politics, and medical history, Trueta's initial involvement in wound healing as a trauma surgeon during the Spanish Civil War and the London Blitz is what prompted him to postulate that a trauma-induced “neural effect” on the renal vasculature, with resultant renal arterial constriction could cause ARF. To test his hypothesis, Trueta assembled an experienced radiologist, a renowned physiologist, and a renal pathologist to study ARF in Oxford. They investigated the renal circulation of rabbits in response to diverse traumatic conditions by injecting a radio-opaque substance, using cine-radiography to visualize the flow of blood through the renal vasculature. Trueta's suggestion of renal cortical ischemia and diversion of blood to the less resistant medullary circulation (Trueta shunt) was criticized by Homer Smith and coworkers. In contrast to Homer Smith's data, which were derived from clearance studies and renal arteriovenous oxygen, Trueta used the diametrical opposite method of “direct” observation of the renal circulation. Their differing methodologies, direct visualization of the renal circulation as opposed to inferred computations from clearance studies, accounts for some of their conflicting theories. Nevertheless, the proposal of disparate renal flow compartments focused attention on intrarenal hemodynamics. Trueta's focus on renal cortical ischemia was ultimately validated by the studies of Barger in the dog and Hollenberg and Epstein in human subjects.

The Second Spanish Republic in soviet and russian studies: specificity, problems, interpretations

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 324-368
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Grantseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
Second Spanish Republic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Cultural Dialogue ◽  
Ideological Attitudes

For many years, representatives of Soviet and then Russian historical science paid special attention to the period of the Second Spanish Republic and, especially, to the events of 1936-1939. The Spanish Civil War was and remains a topic that attracts the attention of specialists and influences the development of a multifaceted Russian-Spanish cultural dialogue. There are significantly fewer works on the peaceful years of the Republic, which is typical not only for domestic science, but also for the historiography of this period as a whole. Four key periods can be distinguished in the formation of the national historiography of the Spanish Republic. The first is associated with the existence of the Republic itself and is distinguished by significant political engagement. The second opens after 1956 and combines the continuity with respect to the period of the 1930s. and, at the same time, striving for objectivity, developing methodology and expanding the source base. The third stage is associated with the period of the 1970s-1980s, the time of the restoration of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Spain, as well as the active interaction of historians of the two countries. The fourth stage, which lasted thirty years, was the time of the formation of the Russian historiography of the Second Republic, which sought to get rid of the ideological attitudes that left a significant imprint on the research of the Soviet period. This time is associated with the active archival work of researchers and the publication of sources, the expansion of topics, interdisciplinary approaches. Among the studies of the history of the Second Republic outside Spain, Russian historiography has a special place due to the specifics of Soviet-Spanish relations during the Civil War, and the archival funds in our country, and the traditions of Russian historical Spanish studies, and the preservation of republican memory.

scholarly journals Electrodermal Response in Gaming

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Christopher Westland
Keyword(s):  
Computer Games ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Skin Resistance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrodermal Response ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
History Of ◽  
Body Resistance

Steady improvements in technologies that measure human emotional response offer new possibilities for making computer games more immersive. This paper reviews the history of designs a particular branch of affective technologies that acquire electrodermal response readings from human subjects. Electrodermal response meters have gone through continual improvements to better measure these nervous responses, but still fall short of the capabilities of today's technology. Electrodermal response traditionally have been labor intensive. Protocols and transcription of subject responses were recorded on separate documents, forcing constant shifts of attention between scripts, electrodermal measuring devices and of observations and subject responses. These problems can be resolved by collecting more information and integrating it in a computer interface that is, by adding relevant sensors in addition to the basic electrodermal resistance reading to untangle (1) body resistance; (2) skin resistance; (3) grip movements; other (4) factors affecting the neural processing for regulation of the body. A device that solves these problems is presented and discussed. It is argued that the electrodermal response datastreams can be enriched through the use of added sensors and a digital acquisition and processing of information, which should further experimentation and use of the technology.

It-Narrative and the Book as Agent

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Price
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Life Writing ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
History Of The Book ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
Historical Scholarship ◽  
Shared Attention ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment

This chapter argues that the most productive overlap between recent book-historical scholarship and the longer tradition of bibliographically themed life writing lies not in their common interest in human subjects, but rather in their shared attention to the circulation of things. Analytical bibliographers have shown that books accrue meaning not just at the moment of manufacture, but through their subsequent uses: buying and selling, lending and borrowing, preserving and destroying. A history of the book that took that whole range of transactions as building blocks could usefully borrow its formal conventions from the “it-narrative”: a fictional autobiography in which a thing traces its travels among a series of richer and poorer owners.

Thyra Edwards’s Spanish Civil War Scrapbook

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-122
Author(s):  
Anne Donlon
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Black History ◽  
Popular Front ◽  
Black Feminist ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Feminist History ◽  
History Of

This essay examines the life of African American social worker Thyra Edwards, who traveled to Spain during its civil war, and returned home to fund-raise and organize. She created a scrapbook, a public-facing record of African American women’s efforts on behalf of Republican Spain, made up of photographs prepared for publication and articles about her efforts circulated in newspapers. This feminist perspective of the “folks at home” is a crucial addendum to black history of the war in Spain. Edwards’s scrapbook is a multifaceted document: a kind of autobiography that is self-conscious in its historical record-keeping, an account of a very broad black Popular Front, and a black feminist history of the Spanish Civil War.

Beyond Othello: Juan Latino in Black America

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
EMILY WEISSBOURD
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
New Negro ◽  
Black America ◽  
Diasporic Identity ◽  
Historical Figure ◽  
History Of

This essay focusses on references to the sixteenth-century black poet and scholar Juan Latino in African American journals in the 1920s–1940s. Although Juan Latino is largely forgotten in the present day, publications such as the Journal of Negro History and the New Negro referred to the poet as an important figure in the intellectual history of the African diaspora. My essay posits Juan Latino (both the historical figure and an early modern play about him) as an alternative exemplar of blackness in early modern Europe to that found in Othello. By turning to Juan Latino instead of to Othello, scholars in the 1920s–1940s were able to suggest a transnational and transhistorical black diasporic identity linked with African American solidarity with the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War.

scholarly journals Una trompeta lejana. Las Brigadas Internacionales en la guerra de España : una reconsideración sesenta años después

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Alpert
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
The Self ◽  
History Of ◽  
Moral Influence ◽  
The Military

Sin pretender ser una historia de las brigadas Internacionales en la Guerra Civil Española de 1936-1939, este trabajo se propone examinar ciertos aspectos míticos asociados con las BB.II, en especial la cuestión de su eficacia la experiencia militar de sus jefes. Llega a la conclusión que, aunque el valor y el autosacrificio de los internacionales son innegables, y pese a que se les empleaba a menudo a las BB.II como fuerzas de choque, su presencia en las fuerzas gubernamentales no pasaba de tener una ejemplaridad moral.This article is not a history of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 - 1939. It tries to investigate certain persistent myths about the Brigades, in particular the question of their efficiency and the military expertise of their leaders. It concludes that, although the heroism and the self - sacrifice of the Brigades are undeniable, and despite their function as the vanguard in many of the batties, their presence in the Army of the Spanish Republic had a moral influence which far outweighed any military significance.

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